The Nature Of US-Italian Relations Under The Fascist Rule In Italy (1922 - 1923)
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Italy’s participation in the First World War and its exit from it contributed to obtaining few gains that were not commensurate with the size of the losses it provided in the war, from the deterioration of the internal conditions and the spread of discontent among the Italian people, whose suffering increased with the passage of days, and the inability of the political system based on solving many problems Italy suffered after the war, as a result of political instability and many differences between political parties, as well as bad economic conditions that were reinforced by the spread of unemployment. And that the democratic system would prevail in that country, and that Italy’s economic conditions would improve in order to hasten to overcome its political problems, especially after Mussolini announced his desire to establish a system of friendship and cooperation with Western countries, and expressed his hope that Italian-American relations would witness a close rapprochement in the political and economic fields.
Metrics
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
اولا : الوثائق المنشورة.
Princeton University, Firestone Library, Box.531. Otto Kahn Speech to Canadian Club of Ottawa, (Hereafter OKP), 13 December, 1923.
Wesleyan University, Box.531, Folder 51, OKP, Otto Kahn Speech at, Middle town Connecticut, 15 November, 1923.
Harvard University Library, 190 – 14, TWLP, On Lamont's to efforts to influence Walter Lippmann Favorable towards Mussolini see Lamant to Lippmann, 22 April, 1924, Harvard University Library, 190 – 14, Box 12, TWLP, Lamont to fletcher, 19 Marsh, 1926 ; Department of State Lamont to prince elasio Caetani, 21 April, 1994 ; Department of State, 811.91265/120, Memorandum William R. Castle, Assistant Secretary of State, 17 April, 1928.
Library of Congress, Box 2, Richard W. Child to H. Walter Child Richard W. Child Papers, 31 October 1922.
Thomas W. Lamont Speech of Italy America Society, November, 1925, TWLP.
ثانيا : الرسائل والاطاريح الجامعية.
Sahar Abbas Jamil, US Policy towards Turkey 1917-1923, Ph.D. thesis (unpublished), College of Arts, University of Baghdad, 2002.
Morsi Mukhtar Kotb Orabi, Egyptian-Italian Relations 1919-1952, PhD thesis (unpublished), Faculty of Arts, Benha University, 2013.
ثالثا : الكتب العربية والمعربة.
Ahmed Nassif, Mussolini, a legend who does not want to die, Arab Book House, Cairo, 2008.
Louis Schneider, The World in the Twentieth Century, translated by: Aboud Al-Samarrai, Franklin Corporation for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, Beirut, d.T.
رابعا : الكتب الانكليزية.
Benito Mussolini, My Autobiography, With The Political and Social Doctrine of Fascism, Dover Publications, New York, 2006.
Bernardo di San Saverino, ed, Mussolini as Revaled in His Politica Speeches, New York, E. P. Dutton & Co., 1923.
Bernardo di San Severino, Mussolini as Revealed in his Political Speeches, E. P. Dutton, New York, 1923.
Betty Glad, Hughes, Charles Evans (1862-1948), governor of New York, secretary of state, and chief justice of the U.S. Supreme, 2000.
C.J. and F. Marzariy, Italian Foreign Policy 1870 – 1940, London and Routledge Kegan Paul, Boston; Max well. H.H. Macartney and Paul Cramona, Italy's Foreign and Coloneal Policy 1914 – 1937, London, Oxford University Press, 1938.
Carlton J. H. Hayes, Contemporary Europe 1870, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1959.
Cassels, Fascist Italy, London, Routledge, 1977.
Child, "Mussolini Now" post, 200, 24 March, 1923.
Chris Cook and Waller David, Modern American History 1763 – 1996, Longman, New York, 1988.
E. H. Carr, International Relations Between the Two World Wars 1919 – 1939, Harper Row, New York, 1966.
Edward Townley, Mussolini and Italy, Heinemann Education, Oxford, 2002,.
Elisabetta Brighi, Foreign Policy, Domestic Politics and International Relations The case of Italy, Routledge, U.K., 2013.
Elizabeth Weskman, Fascism in Italy, Its Evolution and Impact, Macmillan Company, London, 1969.
Eric L. Flom, Silent Film Stars on the Stages of Seattle: A History of Performances, Company, Inc., North Carolina, 2009.
Francesco Gabrieli, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Milan, 1973, Vol. 16.
George F. Kennan, Russia and the West Under Lenin and Stalin, Brown and Company, Boston, 1960.
George Pozzetta and Gary Mormino, The Immigrant World o / Ybor City: Italians and Their Latin Neighbors In Tampa (1885 – 1985), x University of Illinois, Paress, Hayes, 1987.
Gian Giacomo Migone, The United States and Fascist Italy: The Rise of American Finance in Europe, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2015.
H. James Bargway, Italian Foreign policy in the inter war Perlod 1918 – 1940, Praeger, London.
Ivo J. Lederer, Yugoslavia the Paris Pease Conference, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1963.
Johan P. Diggins, Mussolini and Fascism: The View From America.
Kevin Passmore, Fascism: Avery Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002.
Laura Fermi, Mussolini, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1961.
Laylon Wayne Jordan, Americas Mussolini: the United State and Italy 1919 – 1936, PhD, University of Virginia, 1972.
Lippmann, The United States in world Affairs, 1932.
Louis De Santi, United States Relations With Italy Under Mussolini 1922 – 1940, Ph. D. Dissertation, Columbia, University, 1951.
M. Blinkhorn, Mussolini and Fascist Italy, London, Methuen, 1984.
N. G. Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World politics Americas Response to War and Revolution, Oxford University Press, New York, 1966.
Robert Ergang, Europe Since Waterloo, Heath and Company, Boston, 1961.
Rolandi Ricci , Address by Senator Rolandi Ricci, Recently Appointed Italian Ambassador to Washington, Delivered Before the Associazione Italo-Americana, Palazzo Salviati, Rome, December 29, 1920.
Roy Mac Gregor Hastie, The Day of the Lion, MacDonald, London, 1963.
Saskia M.Van Genugten, Italian and British relations with Libya Pride and Privileges (1911 – 2011), PHD, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 2012.
Thomas Baily, The Art of Diplomacy The American Experence, Ableton Printing Company, New York, 1988.
Walter Consuelo Langsam, Documents and Readings in the History of Europe Since 1918, Kraus Reprint Co., New York, 1969.
خامسا : البحوث المنشورة.
Qasim Shuaib Abbas Al-Sultani, Fascist Economic Liberalism in Italy 1922-1925, Journal of Tikrit University for Human Sciences, No. 27, Part 12, 2020.
سادسا : الموسوعات الانكليزية.
Encyclopedia Americana, The International Reference Work, American Corporation, New York, 1962, Vol.7.
سابعا : الصحف الاجنبية.
New York Evening Post, 6 Mars 1924.
The New York Times, 24 January 1926.