Main Article Content

Walid Hassan Salim Ahmed
waleed83hassan@gmail.com
Muayad Mossa Ahmed
waleed83hassan@gmail.com

Abstract

This research presents a historical study of the Yemeni Ash'ari tribe, one of the first to embrace Islam, and its migrants to Medina. The study begins with defining the tribe and tracing its lineage, then moves to the significant contributions made by its members. The research highlights the high status the Ash'aris attained in Muslim society and the praise bestowed upon them by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). It also reviews their diverse contributions to public life, including military, administrative, and scholarly roles (teaching the Quran and narrating Hadith) during the Prophetic era and the Rightly Guided Caliphate. The study explores how the Ash'ari migrants transformed from mere travelers to Medina by ship into conquering leaders, governors, and scholars, focusing on Abu Musa al-Ash'ari (may Allah be pleased with him) as a leading example.

Article Details

How to Cite
Salim Ahmed, W. H., & Ahmed, M. M. (2026). The Ash’ari Migrants and Their Contributions to Public Life during the Prophetic Era and the Rightly Guided Caliphate. Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities, 33(10, 2), 179–193. https://doi.org/10.25130/jtuh.33.10.2.2026.10
Section
Articles

References

• Ibn al-Athir, Abu al-Hasan ‘Ali ibn Abi al-Karam Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Karim al-Shaybani al-Jazari (d. 630 AH / 1232 CE), Usd al-Ghabah fi Ma‘rifat al-Sahabah, ed. ‘Ali Muhammad Mu‘awwad and ‘Adil Ahmad, Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, (Beirut: 1415 AH / 1994 CE).

• Al-Bukhari, Abu ‘Abdullah Muhammad ibn Isma‘il ibn Ibrahim (d. 256 AH / 869 CE), Sahih al-Bukhari, ed. Muhammad Zuhayr, Dar Tawq al-Najah, (Damascus: 1422 AH).

• Al-Bazzar, Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn ‘Amr ibn ‘Abd al-Khaliq ibn Khallad (d. 292 AH / 904 CE), Al-Bahr al-Zakhkhar, ed. ‘Adil ibn Sa‘d, Maktabat al-‘Ulum, (Medina: 2009 CE).

• Abu al-Baqa’, Ayyub ibn Musa (d. 1094 AH / 1683 CE), Al-Kulliyat: A Dictionary of Terminology and Linguistic Differences, ed. ‘Adnan Darwish, Mu’assasat al-Risalah, (Beirut: n.d.).

• Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Azdi (d. 321 AH / 933 CE), Al-Ishtiqaq, ed. ‘Abd al-Salam Muhammad, Dar al-Jil, (Beirut: 1411 AH ).

• Al-Bakri, Abu ‘Ubayd ‘Abdullah ibn ‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn Muhammad (d. 487 AH / 1085 CE), Mu‘jam Ma Ista‘jam min Asma’ al-Bilad, 3rd ed., ‘Alam al-Kutub, (Beirut: 1403 AH).

• Al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya ibn Jabir ibn Dawud (d. 279 AH / 892 CE), Ansab al-Ashraf, ed. Suhayl Zakkar and Riyad al-Zirikli, Dar al-Fikr, (Beirut: 1417 AH / 1996 CE).

• Al-Tirmidhi, Abu ‘Isa Muhammad ibn ‘Isa ibn Surah ibn Musa (d. 279 AH / 892 CE), Sunan al-Tirmidhi, ed. Bashar ‘Awwad Ma‘ruf, Dar al-Gharb al-Islami, (Beirut: 1998 CE).

• Ibn Abi Thabit, Abu Muhammad Thabit ibn Abi Thabit (d. 13th century AH), The Difference Between the Names of Human Limbs, 3rd ed., ed. Hatim al-Damin, Mu’assasat al-Risalah, (Beirut: 1408 AH).

• Ibn al-Jawzi, Jamal al-Din Abu al-Faraj ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn ‘Ali (d. 597 AH / 1183 CE), Al-Muntazam fi Tarikh al-Muluk wa al-Umam, ed. Muhammad ‘Abd al-Qadir ‘Ata and Mustafa ‘Abd al-Qadir ‘Ata, Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, (Beirut: 1992 CE).

• Al-Hakim, Abu ‘Abdullah Muhammad ibn ‘Abdullah (d. 405 AH / 1015 CE), Al-Mustadrak ‘ala al-Sahihayn, ed. Mustafa ‘Abd al-Qadir ‘Ata, Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, (Beirut: 1411 AH / 1990 CE).

• Ibn Hibban, Abu Hatim Muhammad ibn Hibban (d. 354 AH / 965 CE), Sahih Ibn Hibban, 2nd ed., ed. Shu‘ayb al-Arna’ut, Mu’assasat al-Risalah, (Beirut: 1414 AH / 1993 CE).

• Ibn Hajar al-‘Asqalani, Ahmad ibn ‘Ali (d. 852 AH / 1448 CE), Al-Isabah fi Tamyiz al-Sahabah, ed. ‘Adil Ahmad and ‘Ali Muhammad, Dar al-Kutub, (Beirut: 1415 AH).

• Al-Harbi, Ibrahim ibn Ishaq (d. 285 AH / 898 CE), Gharib al-Hadith, ed. Sulayman Ibrahim, Umm al-Qura University, (Mecca: 1405 AH).

• Ibn Hazm, Abu Muhammad ‘Ali ibn Ahmad (d. 456 AH / 1063 CE), Jawami‘ al-Sirah, ed. Ihsan ‘Abbas, Dar al-Ma‘arif, (Cairo: 1900 CE).

• Yaqut al-Hamawi (d. 626 AH / 1229 CE), Mu‘jam al-Buldan, 2nd ed., Dar Sadir, (Beirut: 1995 CE).

• Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d. 241 AH / 855 CE), Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal, ed. Shu‘ayb al-Arna’ut, ‘Adil Murshid et al., Mu’assasat al-Risalah, (Damascus: 1421 AH).

• Ibn Khurdadhbah (d. c. 280 AH / 893 CE), Al-Masalik wa al-Mamalik, Dar Sadir, (Beirut: 1889 CE).

• Al-Khwarizmi, Abu ‘Abdullah Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Yusuf (d. 387 AH / 997 CE), Mafatih al-‘Ulum, 2nd ed., ed. Ibrahim al-Abyari, Dar al-Kitab al-‘Arabi, (Damascus: n.d.).

• Khalifah ibn Khayyat (d. 240 AH / 854 CE), Tarikh Khalifah ibn Khayyat, 2nd ed., ed. Akram Diya’ al-‘Umari, Mu’assasat al-Risalah, (Beirut: 1397 AH).

• Ibn Abi Dawud, Abu Bakr ‘Abdullah ibn Sulayman al-Azdi (d. 316 AH / 929 CE), Al-Masahif, ed. Muhammad ibn ‘Abduh, Al-Faruq al-Hadithah, (Cairo: 1423 AH / 2002 CE).

• Al-Dulabi, Abu Bishr Muhammad Ahmad ibn Hammad ibn Sa‘id (d. 310 AH / 923 CE), Al-Kuna wa al-Asma’, ed. Abu Qutaybah Nazar Muhammad, Dar Ibn Hazm, (Beirut: 1421 AH).

• Al-Dinawari, Abu Hanifah Ahmad ibn Dawud (d. 282 AH / 894 CE), Al-Akhbar al-Tiwal, ed. ‘Abd al-Mun‘im ‘Amir, Dar Ihya’ al-Kutub, (Cairo: 1960 CE).

• Al-Dhahabi, Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Ahmad (d. 748 AH / 1347 CE), Mu‘jam al-Shuyukh al-Kabir, ed. Muhammad al-Habib, Maktabat al-Siddiq, (Taif: 1408 AH / 1988 CE).

• Ibn Sa‘d, Muhammad ibn Sa‘d ibn Mani‘ (d. 230 AH / 844 CE), Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, ed. Muhammad ‘Abd al-Qadir ‘Ata, Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, (Beirut: 1410 AH / 1990 CE).

• Al-Suyuti, Jalal al-Din ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr (d. 911 AH / 1505 CE), Lub al-Lubab fi Tahrir al-Ansab, Dar Sadir, (Beirut: n.d.).

• Al-Isbahani, Ahmad ibn ‘Abdullah (d. 430 AH / 1038 CE), Hilyat al-Awliya’ wa Tabaqat al-Asfiya’, Al-Sa‘adah Press, (Egypt: 1394 AH / 1974 CE).

• Al-Safadi, Salah al-Din Khalil ibn Aybak (d. 764 AH / 1362 CE), Al-Wafi bi al-Wafayat, ed. Ahmad al-Arna’ut and Turki Mustafa, Dar Ihya’ al-Turath, (Beirut: 1420 AH / 2000 CE).

• Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir (d. 310 AH / 923 CE), Al-Muntakhab min Dhayl al-Mudhayyal, Al-A‘lami Foundation, (Beirut: n.d.).

• Ibn al-Tiqtaqi, Muhammad ibn ‘Ali ibn Tabataba (d. 709 AH / 1309 CE), Al-Fakhri fi al-Adab al-Sultaniyyah wa al-Duwal al-Islamiyyah, ed. ‘Abd al-Qadir Muhammad Mayu, Dar al-Qalam al-‘Arabi, (Beirut: 1418 AH).

• Ibn Abi ‘Asim (d. 287 AH / 900 CE), Al-Ahad wa al-Mathani, ed. Basil Faysal, Dar al-Rayah, (Riyadh: 1411 AH).

• Ibn al-‘Aquli (d. 797 AH / 1324 CE), Al-Rasf, Mu’assasat al-Risalah, (Beirut: 1414 AH).

• Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr (d. 463 AH / 1070 CE), Al-Isti‘ab fi Ma‘rifat al-Ashab, ed. ‘Ali Muhammad al-Bijawi, Dar al-Jil, (Beirut: 1412 AH / 1992 CE).

• Ibn ‘Abd al-Haqq (d. 739 AH / 1338 CE), Marasid al-Ittila‘ ‘ala Asma’ al-Amkinah, Dar al-Jabal, (Beirut: 1412 AH).

• Ibn ‘Asakir (d. 571 AH / 1175 CE), Tarikh Dimashq, ed. ‘Amr ibn Gharamah, Dar al-Fikr, (Damascus: 1415 AH / 1995 CE).

• Ibn ‘Umayrah (d. 599 AH / 1203 CE), Bughyat al-Multamis fi Tarikh Rijal Ahl al-Andalus, Dar al-Katib al-‘Arabi, (Cairo: 1967 CE).

• Al-Farahidi, Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad (d. 170 AH / 786 CE), Kitab al-‘Ayn, ed. Mahdi al-Makhzumi and Ibrahim al-Samarra’i, Dar al-Hilal, (Beirut: n.d.).

• Ibn al-Faqih (d. 365 AH / 951 CE), Al-Buldan, ed. Yusuf al-Hadi, ‘Alam al-Kutub, (Beirut: 1416 AH / 1996 CE).

• Ibn Qani‘ (d. 351 AH / 962 CE), Mu‘jam al-Sahabah, ed. Salah Salim, (Medina: 1418 AH).

• Ibn al-Qattan (d. 628 AH / 1230 CE), Bayan al-Wahm wa al-Iham, ed. al-Husayn Ait Sa‘id, Dar Taybah, (Riyadh: 1418 AH / 1997 CE).

• Ibn Kathir (d. 774 AH / 1373 CE), Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah, ed. ‘Ali Shiri, Dar Ihya’ al-Turath, (Beirut: 1408 AH / 1988 CE).

• Ibn al-Kalbi (d. 204 AH / 819 CE), Nasab Ma‘add wa al-Yaman al-Kabir, ed. Naji Hasan, ‘Alam al-Kutub, (Beirut: 1408 AH / 1988 CE).

• Malik ibn Anas (d. 179 AH / 795 CE), Al-Muwatta’, ed. Muhammad Mustafa al-A‘zami, Zayed Foundation, (Abu Dhabi: 1425 AH / 2004 CE).

• Ibn al-Mubarrad (d. 909 AH / 1503 CE), Mahd al-Sawab fi Fada’il ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab, ed. ‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn Muhammad, Islamic University, (Medina: 1420 AH).

• Al-Mizzi (d. 742 AH / 1341 CE), Tahdhib al-Kamal fi Asma’ al-Rijal, ed. Bashar ‘Awwad Ma‘ruf, Mu’assasat al-Risalah, (Beirut: 1400 AH / 1980 CE).

• Al-Mas‘udi (d. 346 AH / 957 CE), Muruj al-Dhahab, ed. As‘ad Daghir, Dar al-Hijrah, (Qom: 1409 AH).

• Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (d. 261 AH / 874 CE), Sahih Muslim, ed. Muhammad Fu’ad, Dar Ihya’ al-Turath, (Beirut: n.d.).

• Al-Maqdisi (d. 355 AH / 965 CE), Al-Bad’ wa al-Tarikh, Maktabat al-Thaqafah, (Port Said: n.d.).

• Al-Maqrizi (d. 845 AH / 1440 CE), Imta‘ al-Asma‘, ed. Muhammad ‘Abd al-Hamid, Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, (Beirut: 1420 AH).

• Ibn Mandah (d. 470 AH / 1087 CE), Al-Mustakhraj, ed. ‘Amir Hasan, Ministry of Justice and Islamic Affairs, (Bahrain: n.d.).

• Ibn Manzur (d. 711 AH / 1311 CE), Lisan al-‘Arab, ed. ‘Abdullah ‘Ali et al., Dar al-Ma‘arif, (Cairo: n.d.).

• Al-Nuwayri (d. 733 AH / 1332 CE), Nihayat al-Arab fi Funun al-Adab, Dar al-Kutub, (Cairo: 1423 AH).

• Al-Haythami (d. 807 AH / 1405 CE), Majma‘ al-Zawa’id, ed. Husam al-Din al-Qudsi, (Cairo: 1414 AH).

• Al-Waqidi (d. 207 AH / 823 CE), Al-Maghazi, 3rd ed., ed. Marsden Jones, (Beirut: 1409 AH / 1989 CE).

• Al-Ya‘qubi (d. after 292 AH / 904 CE), Al-Buldan, Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, (Beirut: 1422 AH).

• Abu Yusuf (d. 182 AH / 798 CE), Kitab al-Kharaj, ed. Taha ‘Abd al-Ra’uf Sa‘d, (Cairo: n.d.).

• Ibn Yunus al-Misri (d. 347 AH / 958 CE), Tarikh Ibn Yunus, Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, (Beirut: 1421 AH).

• Abu Asma’, Muhammad ibn Taha, Al-Aghsan al-Nadiyyah, 2nd ed., Dar Subul al-Salam, (Fayyum: 1433 AH / 2012 CE).

• Khalid Muhammad Khalid (d. 1416 AH / 1996 CE), Men Around the Messenger, Dar al-Fikr, (Beirut: 1421 AH / 2000 CE).

• Nizar ‘Abd al-Latif al-Hadithi, The People of Yemen in Early Islam, Arab Institute for Studies, (Beirut: n.d.).

• ‘Abd al-Wahhab Khallaf (d. 1375 AH / 1956 CE), Islamic Political Theory, Dar al-Qalam, (Beirut: 1408 AH / 1988 CE).

• Yusuf al-Dawudi, Al-Muttafiq wa al-Muftariq, Dar al-Andalus, (Shibin al-Kawm: 1434 AH).

• Akram ‘Abd Khalifah Hamad al-Dulaimi, Compilation of the Qur’an, Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, (Beirut: 1427 AH / 2006 CE).

• Muhammad Rida (d. 1369 AH / 1950 CE), Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, ed. Khalil Shiha, Dar al-Kitab al-‘Arabi, (Beirut: 1424 AH / 2004 CE).

• Sa‘id Hawwa (d. 1409 AH / 1989 CE), Al-Asas fi al-Sunnah, 3rd ed., Dar al-Salam, (Cairo: 1416 AH / 1995 CE).

• Musa al-‘Azmi, Al-Lu’lu’ al-Maknun fi Sirat al-Nabi, (Kuwait: 1432 AH ).

• Jawad ‘Ali, Detailed History of the Arabs before Islam, 4th ed., Dar al-Saqi, (Damascus: 2001 CE).

• Akram Diya’ al-‘Umari, The Era of the Rightly Guided Caliphate, (Riyadh: 1430 AH / 2009 CE).

• Ahmad Ghallush, The Prophetic Biography in the Medinan Period, Dar al-Risalah, (Beirut: 1424 AH / 2004 CE).

• Muhammad Ilyas ‘Abd al-Rahman, Encyclopedia of the Authentic Prophetic Biography, (Mecca: 1423 AH).

• Ibrahim Qaribi, Narrations of the Battle of Hunayn, (Medina: 1412 AH).

• Muhammad Hamidullah (d. 1424 AH / 2002 CE), Collection of Political Documents, 6th ed., Dar al-Nafa’is, (Beirut: 1407 AH).

• Azhar Ghazi Matar al-Bahadili, The Ash‘ari Tribe, Master’s Thesis, University of Diyala, (Diyala: 1426 AH / 2005CE).

Most read articles by the same author(s)