عمارة الارحاء والطواحين وفلسفة ادارتها وعملها في بلاد الاندلس
الشريط الجانبي للمقالة
محتوى المقالة الرئيسي
الملخص
انتشرت الارحاء والطواحين في بلاد الاندلس، لحاجة الناس لما تقدمه تلك الآلات والمنشآت العمرانية من خدمات في مجال طحن الحبوب، ولم يقتصر على نوع واحد او نوعين من الحبوب، بل تعدى حاجتها الى طحن الكثير من انواع الحبوب، وكانت الارحاء والطواحين من اهتمامات العامة والخاصة، فبعد ان دخل المسلمون فاتحين لتلك البلاد سنة 92 هــــــ، قاموا بتطوير عمل الارحاء والطواحين من ارحاء يدوية، الى أرحاء وطواحين تدار بواسطة الادوات الميكانيكية المتمثلة باستغلال العجلة الدوارة، واستغلال طاقة الانهار، وطاقة الرياح، فنتج ارحى وطواحين، ثابتة ومتحركة، تدور بوساطة طاقة المياه، او الرياح، وكان للمهندسين المسلمين دور كبير في تطويرها.
المقاييس
تفاصيل المقالة
هذا العمل مرخص بموجب Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
المراجع
First: Primary Sources:
Abi al'asbagha, eisaa bin sahl bin eabd allah al'asadii aljianii alqurtubii algharnatii (tuufiy 486hijri), diwan al'ahkam alkubraa 'aw al'iielam binawazil al'ahkam waqatar min sayr alhukaami, tuhaqaqu: yuhyi muradi, dar alhadithi, alqahirat ,misr alearabiat, 2007.
Albarzili, abi alqasim aihmad albalawi altuwnsi(tufi 841hijri), fatawaa albarizli jamie masayil alaihkam lama ainzal min alqadaya bialmufatin walhukaami, taqdim watahqiqu: muhamad alhabib alhaylata, dar algharb alaslami, bayrut , 2002.
Aljaziri, 'abu alhasan eali bin yahyaa (tuufiy 585hjiri), almaqsid almahmud fi talkhis aleuqudi, tahqiqu: fayiz bin marzuq alsilmi, jamieat 'am alquraa kuliyat alsharieat waldirasat al'iislamiati, bidun.makan alnashri, 2001.
Abn rushd, muhamad bin ahmad bin ahmad bin rushd(tufi 520 hijri), fatawaa abn rushda, taqdim watahqiq wajame wataeliqi: almukhtar bn altaahir altilili, dar algharb alaslamii , bayrut , 1987.
Alsaqati, abi eabdallah muhamad bin abi muhamad almalaqi alandilsi( tuufiy 631hijri) fi adab alhasabih , nashrah : j .s kulan w a. lifi brufinsal , euliq ealayh wawade hawashihi, khalil khalf aljaburi , dar alkutub alealamayh , bayrut,2017.
Abn sayidh, abu alhasan ealii bn asmaeil almursiu (tuufiy 458hijri).almahkam walmuhit alaeizami, tahqiqu: eabd alhamid hindawi ,dar alkutub alealamihi, bayrut,2000.
Alsharif aladrisi, muhamad bin muhamad bin eabd allh bin 'iidris alhamuwdini alhusayni(tufi 560hjiri), nuzhat almushtaq fi akhtiraq alafaqa, maktabat althaqafih aldiynihi, alqahirihi, 1994.
Abin eadhari, aihmad bin muhamad (kan hayaa 712 ha), albayan almaghrib fi aikhtisar 'akhbar muluk al'andalus walmaghribi, tahqiqu: bashaar eawad maerufun, dar algharb al'iislamii, bidun.makan lilnashri, 2013.
Abin eumr, abw zakariaa yahyaa(tufiy 289hijri), 'ahkam alsuwqi, tahqiqu: mahmud eali maki, matbaeat maehad aldirasat alaslamih fi madridi, sahifat maehad aldirasat alaslamih fi madrid, almujalad alraabieu, aleadad1-2, 1956.
Abn aleawami, yahyaa bin muhamad bin ahmad alashabili (tuufiy 580hjiri), alfilahat aliandilsihi, tahqiqu: anur abu suilim wakharuna, manshurat mujamae allughah alearabiah alardunih, matbaeat aljamieih alardinih, eaman, 2012.
Alfarabi, abu abrahim ashaq bin abrahima(tufi 350hjiri),maejim diwan aladbi, tahqiqa: aihmad mukhtar eumra, marajieahu: abrahim anis, muasasat dar alshaeb lilsahafih waltibaeih walnashr,alqahirih,2003.
Alfiruz abadi, majd aldiyn muhamad bin yaequb(tufi 817hjiri), muejam alqamus almuhiti, ta5, rutabah wawathiqahu: khalil mamun shiha, dar almaerifih , lubnan, bayrut, 2011 .
Almalki, eali bin eabd alsalam bin eulay, 'abu alhasan alttusuly (tuufiy 1258hjiri), 'ajwibat altasuli ean masayil al'amir eabd alqadir fi aljahadi, tahqiqu: eabd allatif 'ahmad alshaykh muhamad salih , dar algharb alaslamii, bidun makan nashr , 1996.
Abin almarziban, abu muhamad eabdallah bin jaefaru(tufi 347hjiri), tashih alfasih washarhuhu, tahqiqu: muhamad badawi almakhtuni, almajlis alaelaa lilshuwuwn alaslamihi, alqahirhi, 1998.
Almiqari, aihmad bin muhamad altilmsanii (tuufiy 1041 hijiri),nfah altayib min ghusn aliaindils alratib wadhakar waziruha lisan aldiyn abn alkhatayb, tahqiqa: ahsan eabaas, dar sadir, birut, 1968.
Abin manzur, abw alfadl jamal aldiyn muhamad bin makram alafriqii almisriu (tufi711hjiri), lisan alearabi, tabeuh 6, dar sadir, lubnan, bayrut, 2008.
Alharawi, muhamad bin ahmidu(tuufi 370hjiri), tahdhib allughah, tahqiqu: muhamad eawad mureib, dar ahya' alturath alearabi, bayrut,2001.
Alunishrisi, aihmad bin yahyaa(tufi 914hjiri) ,almieyar almuearib waljaamie almaghrib ean fatawi eulama' afriqayh wal'andalus walmagharab , kharajah jumaaeih min alfiqaha' bi'iishraf : muhamad haji, dar algharab al'iislamii, bayrut, 1990.
Second: Arabic and Arabized references
Brufinsal, lifi, tarikh asbania alaslamih min alfath alaa suqut alkhilafih alqurtubiah 711 - 1031 , tarjamah alaa alasbanih: amiliu jarthia jumith, tarjamuhu: eali eabd alrawuwf albambi wakharuna, marajieahu: eali fadal, almajlis alaelaa lilthaqafihi, alqahirh, 2002.
Buzirda, fatmah, alarihiat almayiyh bialmaghrib alaqsaa khilal aleasr alwasit min khilal kutub aljughrafia walnawazil ,markaz almadar almaerifii lil'abhath waldirasat ,kuliyat aladab waleulum alansanihi, almaghribi, 2019.
Altilal, eali muhi hasan w yunis muhamad qasima, alghabat aleamahu, dar altaqnii liltibaeih walnashri, baghdad, 1989.
Aljiznayiy, ealay, janaa zahrat alas fi bina' madinat fas, tahqiq eabd alwahaab bin mansurin, ta2, almatbaeuh almalakihi, alribati, 1991.
Araear, muradi, wakhalil aljuayni, mulahizat hawl alarihih almayiyh bi'afriqayh fi aleasr alwasiti, aieumaal alnaduh aleilmiat alkhamisahi, almawarid altabieiah bibilad almaghrib fi aleasrayn alqadim walwasiti, tunis ,2010.
Luturnu, rujir, fas qabl alhimayihi, tarjamuhu: muhamad hajiy wahamd alakhdar nakhaluhu, dar algharb alaslami, lubnan, 1996.
Maldunadu, basilyu babun, aleamarah alandilsayah eimarat almayahi, tarjamihu:eili abrahim minufi, marajieah wataqdima: muhamad hamzat aismaeil alhadaad, maktabat zahra' alsharqa, alqahirhi, 2008.
Muhamad fathhu, muetayat ean altaayifih alharfayh bimaghrib ma qabl aliastiemar, majalat aml, eadad 7, 1996.
Maeluf, luis, almunjid fi allughah, tabeuh 35, antisharat aslami, tahran, 1383 hijri.
Third: Magazines and periodicals:
Aljburi, khalil khalfa, eimarat alairiha' waltawaahin fi alandils dirasuh eamahu, majalat almalwih lildaarisat alatharih waltaarikhayhi, aleadadi26, almujalad althaaminu, jamieat samara', kuliyat alathar, 2020.
Ghlik, tumas, altiknulujia alhaydrulih fi al'andils, tarjamahu: salah jarar, marajieah : humam ghisib, bahath manshur dimn musweih alhadarah alearabiah al'iislamayh tahrira: salmaa alkhadra' aljiusi, tabeuhu2 , markaz dirasat alwahdih alearabiah, bayrut, 1999.
Alkanturi, eayishhi, alrahaa almayiyh bifasi, dimn aemaal nuduih alma' bitansifti, tarikh watiqniaati, marakshi, 2000.