الخداع في الدعاية الامريكية: منظور تداولي بلاغي
محتوى المقالة الرئيسي
الملخص
يهدف هذا البحث الى استكشاف الجوانب الخداع في الدعاية الامريكية. وعلى ما يبدو ، فإن هذا المفهوم ، كما يعتقد الباحث ، لم يتلق تصوراً كافياً من ناحية التداولية البلاغية. وتتناول هذه الدراسة مشكلة عدم وجود تطابق كامل بين نية الخداع الحقيقية للمتكلم وقوله. ويرمي البحث الحالي الى إعطاء نظرة شاملة للخلفية النظرية فيما يتعلق الامر بمفاهيم الخداع والدعاية والتداولية البلاغية. ويهدف هذا البحث الى تحديد الاستراتيجيات التداولية البلاغية التي يستغلها المخادعون.
ويعتمد هذا العمل على الفرضيات التالية: (1) يتم استغلال بعض الادوات الجدلية أكثر من غيرها في الدعاية الأمريكية ، (2) يتم استخدام بعض المجازات التداولية البلاغية بشكل متكرر أكثر من غيرها لتحقيق غايات خادعة محددة ، (3) هناك اختلافات كبيرة بين قادة الدعاية الأمريكية في استخدام استراتيجيات تداولية بلاغية و ( 4) يتم استغلال جميع الاستراتيجيات التداولية البلاغية من قبل كلا السياسيين.
تتضمن بيانات التحليل مقابلتين سياسيتين دعائيتين أمريكيتين. يتم تحليلها نوعيا (تداولية بلاغية) وكميا (إحصائي). تثبت النتائج صحة الفرضيات: (1) ، (2) و (3) بينما (4) تم رفضها.
المقاييس
تفاصيل المقالة

هذا العمل مرخص بموجب Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
المراجع
- Abioye, T. (2011). 'Preference for Rhetorical Questions as an Index of Textual Message Effectiveness'. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 1 No. 11 (pp. 290-299).
- Alcorn, M. W. (1994). 'Self-structure as a Rhetorical Device: Modern Ethos and the Divisiveness of the Self'. In James. Baumlin, J. S. and Baumlin, T. F. (eds.), Ethos: New Essays in Rhetorical and Critical Theory, pp. 3–35. Dallas, T.X.: Southern Methodist University Press.
- Andone, C. (2010). Maneuvering Strategically in a Political Interview: Analyzing and Evaluating Responses to an Accusation of Inconsistency. Amsterdam: SicSat.
- Aydin, F. (2016). 'Analysis of Propaganda Speeches of 2014 Presidential Bids With Discourse Analysis of van Dijk'. Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi-International Journal of Society Researches pp. 704-716, ISSN:2528-9527 E-ISSN : 2528-9535 http://opusjournal.net
- Burke, Michael. (2016). 'Discourse implicature, Quintilian and the Lucidity Principle: Rhetorical phenomena in pragmatics'. Topics in Linguistics. 17 ( pp.1-16). 10.1515/topling-2016-0001.
- Chilton, P. (2004). Analysing Political Discourse. London: Routledge.
-Claridge, C. (2011). Hyperbole in English: A Corpus-based Study of Exaggeration. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Clayman, S. and Heritage, J. (2004). The News Interviews: Journalists and Public Figures on the Air. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Corbett, E. (1990). Classical Rhetoric for Modern Students. New York: OUP.
- Corner, J. (2007). 'Mediated Politics, Promotional Culture and the Idea of Propaganda'. Media, Culture & Society 29(4): pp. 669-677.
- Cockcroft, R. and S., Cockcroft .(1992). Persuading People: An Introduction to Rhetoric. London: Macmillan
- Crowley, S., and Hawhee, D. (2004). Ancient Rhetoric for Contemporary Studies. 3rd Edition. New York: Pearson Education.
- Cruse, A. (2006). A Glossary of Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh: EUP.
- Cull, N. J., David C. and Welch, D..(2003). Propaganda and Mass Persuasion A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present. Santa Barbara, CA and Denver, CO ABC-CLIO.
- Danesi, M., (2016.) 'Metaphor and figurative meaning in verbal communication'. In Saussure, L. de and Rocci, A. (eds). Verbal communication (Handbooks of communicative science 3), pp. 141-160. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
- Delaney, C. (2015). 'Propaganda for the Common Good: An Ideological Analysis of Michael Moore’s Fahrenheit 9 /11'. The Lambda Pi Eta Undergraduate Journal: Washington, DC vol. 3 (pp. 41-51).
- Dimaggio, R. (2008). Mass Media, Mass Propaganda Examining American News in the "War on Terror". Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
- Enos, T. (1996). Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition: Communication from Ancient Times to the Information Age. London: Routledge.
- Fetzer, A. and Bull, P. (2013). 'Political Interviews in Context'. In Cap P. and Okulska, U. (eds.), Analyzing Genres in Political Communication: Theory and practice, pp. 99-73. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
- Fahnestock, J., (1999). Rhetorical Figures in Science. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Freely, A. J. and Steinberg D. L. (2009). Argumentation and debate: critical thinking for reasoned decision making. 12th Edition. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage.
- Furkó, P. and Abuczki, Á. (2014). 'English Discourse Markers in Mediatised Political Interviews'. Brno Studies in English; 40 (1): pp. 64-45.
- Furo, H. (2001). Turn-taking in English and Japanese: Projectability in Grammar, Intonation, and Semantics. New York: Routledge.
- Galasiński, D. ( 2000). The Language of Deception : A Discourse Analytical Study. USA: Sage Publications, Inc.
- Gill, M., and Whedbee, K. (1997). 'Rhetoric'. In Van Dijk, T. (ed.) Discourse as Structure and Process: Discourse Studies a Multidisciplinary Introduction, pp. 159-187. Vol. 1. London: Sage Publications. Ltd.
- Gupta, S., Sakamoto, K. and Ortony, A. (2013). 'Telling it Like it isn't: A Comprehensive Approach to Analyzing Verbal Deception'. In Paglieri, F., Tummolini, L., Falcone, R. and Miceli, M. (eds.), The goals of cognition. Essays in honor of Cristiano Castelfranchi, pp.1-39. London: College Publications.
- Hardin, K. J. (2019). 'Linguistic Approaches to Lying and Deception'. In Meibauer, J (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Lying. Oxford: Oxford University Press (pp. 149-169).
- Harris, S. (1991). 'Evasive action: How politicians respond to questions in political interviews'. In Scannell, P. (ed.), Broadcast talk (pp. 76-99). London: Sage.
- Harris, P. A. (2005). A Handbook of Rhetorical Devices. Retrieved from http://www.Virtuasalt.com/rhetoric.htm
- Hawhee, D. (2013). 'Propaganda among the Ruins'. In Auerbach, J. And R., Castronovo (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Propaganda Studies. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. (pp. 326-347).
- Ilie, Cornelia, (2018). 'Pragmatics vs rhetoric: Political discourse at the pragmatics-rhetoric interface'. In Ilie, Cornelia and Neal R. Norrick (eds.) Pragmatics and its Interfaces. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/pbns.294.05ili pp. 85-119.
- Jorgensen P. and M., Isaksson (2010). 'Credibility in corporate discourse'. In Trosborg, A. (ed.) Pragmatics across Languages and Cultures, pp. 513-542. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Jowett, G. S., and O’Donnell, V. (2014). Propaganda and Persuasion. 6th Edition. London: Sage.
- Lakoff, G. (1993). The contemporary theory of metaphor. In Ortony, A. (ed.), Metaphor and Thought, pp. 202-251. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Larrazabal, J. M. and Korta, K. (2002). 'Pragmatics and Rhetoric for Discourse Analysis: Some conceptual remarks'. In: Dascal’s Festchrifft. Manuscrito 25(2): pp. 33–48.
- Leech, G. N. (1983). Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman.
- Macdonald, S. (2007). Propaganda and Information Warfare in the Twenty-First Century: Altered Images and Deception operations. London: Routledge.
- Marlin, R. (2013). Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion. 2nd edition. Canada: broadview press.
- Martin, J. (2014). Politics and Rhetoric: A Critical Introduction. Oxford: Routledge.
- Masip, J., Eugenio G. and Carmen H. (2004) 'Defining Deception'. Anales de Psicología/ Annals of Psychology, Vol. 20, pp. 147-171. Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia.
- Miller, D. and Robinson, P. (2019).'Propaganda, Politics and Deception'. in Docan-Morgan, T. (ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of Deceptive Communication. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, pp. 969-988.
- O’Keefe, D. J. (1990). Persuasion: Theory and Research. Newbury Park. CA. Sage.
- Oswald, S. (2014). 'It is Easy to Miss Something You are not Looking for : A Pragmatic Account of Covert Communicative Influence for (Critical) Discourse Analysis'. In Hart, C. and Cap, P. (eds.) Contemporary Studies in Critical Discourse Analysis, pp. 97-120. London: Bloomsbury.
- ……….., Maillat, D. and Saussure, L. de. (2016). 'Deceptive and uncooperative verbal communication'. In Saussure, L. de and Rocci, A. (eds). Verbal communication (Handbooks of communicative science 3), pp. 509-534. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
- Poggi, Isabella (2005). The goals of persuasion: Pragmatics and Cognition: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
- Powers, J. H. (2019). 'Discursive Dimensions of Deceptive Communication: A Framework for Practical Analysis'. In Docan-Morgan, T.(ed.) The Palgrave Handbook of Deceptive Communication: Palgrave Mcmillan, pp. 167-191.
- Robinson, P. (2017). 'Learning from the Chilcot Report: Propaganda, Deception and the 'War on Terror''. International Journal of Contemporary Iraqi Studies. 11. 10.1386/ijcis.11.1-2. pp.47-73.
- …………. . (2018). 'Does the Propaganda Model Actually Theorise Propaganda?'. In: Pedro-Carañana, J., Broudy, D. and Klaehn, J. (eds.). The Propaganda Model Today: Filtering Perception and Awareness, pp. 53–67. London: Uni-versity of Westminster Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16997/book27.e. License: CC‐BY‐NC‐ND 4.0
- Rocci, A. (2005). 'Are manipulative texts ‘coherent’? Manipulation, presuppositions and (in-)congruity'. In Saussure L. and Schulz, P. (eds.), Manipulation and Ideologies in the Twentieth Century: Discourse, Language, Mind, pp. 85-112. Amsterdam-Philadelphia, John Benjamins.
- Rubin, B. (1971). 'International Film and Television Propaganda: Campaigns of Assistance'. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 398, Propaganda in International Affairs (Nov.), pp. 81-92
- Spielperger, C. (2002). Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology. Pennsylvania: PUP.
- Sumanat , W and Dispanya ,E .(2016).'Propaganda Techniques in the Political Discourses of Aung San Suu Kyi'. ELT Vibes: International E-Journal For Research in ELT.2(2).pp. 137-148.
- Tindale, C. (2009). 'Constrained Maneuvering: Rhetoric as a Rational Enterprise'. In van Eemeren F. H.(ed.), Examining Argumentation in Context: Fifteen Studies on Strategic Maneuvering, pp. 41-61. Amsterdam: John Benjamin Publishing Company.
- Turner, R. E., Edgley, C., and Olmstead, G. (1975). 'Information Control in Conversations: Honesty is not Always the Best Policy'. Kansas Journal of Sociology, 11, pp. 69—89.
- Van Dijk, T. A. (1997) 'What is Political Discourse Analysis?'. In Mart, J. B. and Ch (eds.). Bulcaen Belgain Journal of Linguistics: Political Linguistics. Amesterdam: John Benjamins Company.
- Van Eemeren, F. H. (2010). Strategic maneuvering in argumentative discourse. Extending the pragma-dialectical theory of argumentation. Amsterdam-Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
- Walton, D. (1995). (1997). 'What Is Propaganda, and What Exactly Is Wrong with It?'. Public Affairs Quarterly, 11, pp. 383-413.
- …………. (2004 ). Informal Logic. Cambridge: CUP.
- ………... (2013). 'Propaganda'. In LaFollette, H, (ed.) The International Encyclopedia of Ethics, pp. 4155–4159. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Data Sources:
- (https://factba.se/transcript/donald-trump-interview-laura-ingraham-fox-news-january-10-2020) Trump's interview
- (https://www.cbsnews.com/news/full-transcript-of-face-the-nation-on-january-5-2020/) Pompeo's interview