First, the sources:

- Ibn al-Atheer, Izz al-Din Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Abi al-Karam Muhammad ibn Muhammad Abi Abd al-Karim ibn Abd al-Wahed al-Shaibani, (555 AH - 630 AH), (Al-Kamil fi Al-Tarikh), Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi, (Beirut: 2012).

- Al-Bakri, Abu Obaidullah Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al-Bakri Al-Andalusi, (died: 487 AH), “A Dictionary of What It’s Names of Countries and Places,” achieved by: Mustafa Al-Sakka, printed by: Alam Al-Kutub, (Cairo - Beirut: 1945).

- Al-Baladhuri, Ahmed bin Yahya bin Jaber bin Daoud Al-Baladhari, (died: 279 AH / 892 AD), “Futuh al-Buldan”, investigation: Abdullah Anis al-Tabbaa, copy of the Endowment Library.

- Abu Mansour Al-Thaalbi, Abdul-Malik Al-Thaali Al-Nisaburi, (T.: 429 AH), “The orphan of time in the merits of the people of the age”, investigation: Mufid Muhammad Qameiha, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, (Beirut: d.).

- Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali, Shihab al-Din Abu al-Falah Abd al-Hayy Ibn Ahmad Ibn Muhammad al-Akry al-Hanbali al-Dimashqi, “Negations of Gold in Akhbar Min Gold”, investigation: Abd al-Qadir al-Arna`ut and Mahmoud al-Arna`ut, Dar Ibn Kathir, Damascus, Syria, i (2015).

- Ibn Hawqal, Abu al-Qasim Muhammad al-Mawsili, al-Nusabi, (T.: 367 AH/977 AD), Image of the Earth, Al-Hayat Library House, (Beirut, 1979 AD).

- Ibn Khalkan, Abu al-Abbas Ahmed bin Muhammad bin Ibrahim bin Abi Bakr, “The Deaths of Notables and the News of the Sons of Time”, investigation: Yusuf Ali Tawil and Maryam Qasim Tawil, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, Edition 1, part 6, (Beirut: 1998).

- Al-Khatib Al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr Ahmed bin Ali bin Thabet, known as Al-Khatib Al-Baghdadi, (392 AH-463 AH), “The History of Baghdad”, investigation: Bashar Awad, Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami, 1st edition, (Beirut: 2002).

- Al-Dhahabi, Shams Al-Din Muhammad bin Ahmed bin Othman, Biography of the Nobles’ Flags, investigated by: Bashar Awwad Maarouf and Mohie Hilal Al-Sarhan, Al-Resala Foundation, 11th edition, (Beirut: 2001).

- Al-Zubaidi, Muhammad bin Al-Hasan bin Obaid Allah bin Madhhaj Al-Zubaidi Al-Andalusi Al-Ishbili, Abu Bakr (died: 379 AH) “Tabaqat Grammar and Linguists (The Arab Dhkhayar Series 50) Investigation: Muhammad Abu Al-Fadl Ibrahim, 2nd Edition, Dar Al-Maaref (d.d., d. .T).

- Al-Asnawi, Jamal Al-Din, (d.: 772 AH), Tabaqat Al-Shafi’i, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, (Beirut: 1987).

- Ibn Shaddad, Izz al-Din Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Ali bin Ibrahim (T.: 684 AH / 1285 AD), “Dangerous relationships in the remembrance of the princes of the LevantAl-Jazeera, investigation: Yahya Zakaria Abbara, Publications of the Ministry of Culture, (Damascus: 1991).

- Al-Suyuti, Jalal al-Din Abd al-Rahman, "For the sake of awareness in the layers of linguists and grammarians", achieved by: Muhammad Abu al-Fadl Ibrahim, Al-Mataba al-Asriyya, (Beirut: 2006).

- Al-Safadi, Salah Al-Din Khalil bin Aybak, Al-Wafi in Deaths, investigated by: Ahmed Al-Arnaout, and Turki Mustafa, House of Revival of Arab Heritage, (Beirut: Dr. T.).

- Al-Istakhri, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim bin Muhammad Al-Farsi Al-Istakhri, known as Al-Karkhi, “The Paths of the Kingdoms”, Library of Religious Culture, electronic version.

- Abu Al-Faraj Al-Isfahani, "The Songs", Al-Asriyya Library for Printing and Publishing, (Beirut: 2014).

- Al-Tabari, Abu Jaafar Muhammad bin Jarir Al-Tabari, (224 AH - 310 AH), "The History of the Messengers and Kings", investigated by: Muhammad Abu Al-Fadl Ibrahim, Dar Al-Maaref, Egypt.

- Al-Kashani, Muhammad Muhsin bin Murtada, better known by the nickname Al-Fayd Al-Kashani, (1007-1091 AH), “Al-Wafi”, the library of the Imam, the Commander of the Faithful, peace be upon him, (Isfahan: 1312).

- Ibn al-Adim, Kamal al-Din Omar Ibn Ahmad, (T.: 660 AH / 1262 AD), “in order to request in the history of Aleppo”, investigation: Suhail Zakkar, Dar Al-Fikr for printing, publishing and distribution, (L.M., L.T).

- Ibn Asaker, Ali bin Al Hassan bin Asaker, (T.: 499-571 AH) “The History of the City of Damascus”, investigation: Ahmed Obaid, The Arabic Library, (Damascus: D. T.).

- Abu al-Fida, al-Mu’ayyad Imad al-Din Ismail bin Muhammad bin Omar (T.: 732 AH / 1331 AD), “Taqweem al-Buldan”, corrected by Raynaud Baron McQueeni, d., Matt, Dar al-Sultan, (Paris: 1840 AD).

- Al-Qafti, Jamal Al-Din Abu Al-Hassan Ali Bin Youssef, (T.: 624 AH / 1226 AD), “Attention to the narrators on the attention of the grammarians”, investigation: Muhammad Abu Al-Fadl Ibrahim, 4th edition, National Library Press, (Cairo: 2012).

- Al-Amidi, Abu Al-Qasim, “The Balance Between Abi Tammam and Al-Buhturi”, Dar Al-Maaref Edition, Cairo, investigated by: Mr. Ahmed Saqr.

- Ibn al-Mustafi, Sharaf al-Din Abu al-Barakat al-Mubarak bin Ahmad al-Lakhmi al-Arbli (died: 637 AH / 1239 AD), “The History of Irbil”, investigation: Sami bin al-Sayed Khamas al-Saqqar, Dar al-Rasheed Publishing, Publications of the Ministry of Culture and Information (Baghdad: 1980).

- Ibn Al-Moataz,Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Al-Moataz Al-Absi, “Tabaqat Al-Shu’ara” (Tabaqat Al-Shu’ara), investigated by: Abdel-Sattar Ahmed Farraj, Dar Al-Maaref, (Egypt: 1976 AD).

- Al-Mandhari, Zaki Al-Din Abu Muhammad Abdul-Azim bin Abdul-Qawi Al-Mandhari, (581-656 AH), "The Supplement to the Deaths of the Move", investigated by: Bashar Awad Maarouf, Baghdad University Press, (Baghdad: 1969).

- Ibn Al-Nadim, Muhammad bin Ishaq Al-Mu'tazili, (T.: 384 AH / 994 AD), "Al-Fihrist", Dar Al-Maarifa, (Beirut: 1995).

- Al-Andalusi, Ali bin Ahmed bin Saeed, known as Ibn Hazm, “The Arab Genealogy Group”, investigation: Abdel Salam Haroun, Dar Al Maaref, Cairo, 5th edition, (d.m.: d.t).

- Al-Hamdani - Description of the Arabian Peninsula, investigated by Muhammad bin Ali Al-Akwa', 3rd edition (Beirut: 1983).

- Yaqout al-Hamawi, Shihab al-Din Abu Abdullah (d. 626 AH / 1228 AD) "The Dictionary of Countries", concerned with correcting it, arranging its placement and writing the Mustadrak on it, Muhammad Amin al-Khanji, 1st edition, Mat al-Sa`dah, (Egypt: 1906 AD), the lexicon of writers called (Arshad al-Arib fi Ma'rifat al-Adib). C (8,10,11,13), the last ed., Dar Al-Mamoun, (Egypt, D. T.).

Second - References:

- Al-Jubouri, Kamel Salman.A Dictionary of Poets from the Pre-Islamic Era until 2002", Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya (2003).

- Al-Harthy, Abdullah Nasser Suleiman, “Civilizational Conditions in the Euphrates Island Territory, in the Sixth and Seventh Centuries of Hijrah, Twelfth and Thirteenth A.D.”, investigation by Saeed Abdel Fattah Ashour, Arab House of Encyclopedias, 1st Edition, (2007).

- Al-Zarkali, Khair Al-Din, “Al-Alam” (fifteenth edition). Beirut, Lebanon: House of Science for Millions, (2002).

- Shmeisani, Hassan, “The City of MardinFrom the Arab conquest to the year 1515 AD / 921 AH, Dar Alam Al-Kutub, Beirut, 1st edition, (1987).

- Abbas, Ihsan, "A Study of Yaqoot Al-Hamawi and his book, Dictionary of Writers", Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami, 1st Edition, (1993).

-Abdel Rahman, Afif, "A Dictionary of Abbasid Poets, Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Sader. (2000).

- Kahala, Omar Reda, "A Dictionary of Arab Tribes"Ancient and Modern", Al-Resala Foundation, Beirut, 8th edition, (1997).

- Al-Kaabi, Abdel-Hakim, “The Euphrates Island and its Arab Homes, Diyar Bakr, Rabia’s, and Mudar’s Homes – A Study in Religious, Political and Social History before Islam”, Pages for Studies and Publishing, Damascus, Syria, (2009).

- Mahmoud, Hassan Ahmed, and Ahmed Ibrahim Al-Sharif, "The Islamic World in the Abbasid Era", Arab Thought House for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, Fifth Edition.

Third - Theses and theses:

Youssef bin Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al-Humaidi, “Yaqout Al-Hamawi as a historian through his book Mu’jam Al-Buldan”, an unpublished master’s thesis at Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Al-Mukarramah, (1998).

Fourth- Research and Articles:

Al-Hakim, a friend, an article entitled: "The Dictionary of Writers", Publication Date: 3/8/2012, Dunya Al-Watan website.

Maha Saeed Hamid, “Yaqout al-Hamawi’s Encounters with the Flags of Mosul through his Writings”, Journal of Mosul Studies, Issue 47, Rajab (1439 AH / March 2018 AD).

Fifthly - the electronic information network:

Abdul-Hussein Zaini, “Modern Reading in an Old Book - Literary Dictionary”, an electronic article,https://www.drzayni.com/item/

Sixth - References in foreign languages:

Peter MMG Akkermans; Glenn M. Schwartz (2003). The archaeology of Syria: from complex hunter-gatherers to early urban societies (c. 16,000-300 fvt.). Cambridge University Press. s. 72–. ISBN 978-0-521-79666-8 . Henta 27. juni 2011. Brauer, Ralph W., Boundaries and Frontiers in Medieval Muslim Geography, Philadelphia, 1995