الصناعة في العصر المغولي الايلخاني 656-736ه/ 1258-1335م
الشريط الجانبي للمقالة
محتوى المقالة الرئيسي
الملخص
بدأ المغول يعدون العدة لاحتلال العراق واسقاط الخلافة العباسية في بغداد بموجب خطة وضعها منكوخان عام (649ه/١٢٥١م) وأوكل مهمه تنفيذها الى اخيه هولاكو الذي زحف نحو بغداد بجيش كثيف فتمكن من احتلالها عام (656ه/1258م) بعد معركه دحر فيها الجيش العباسي عند الدجيل، وباحتلال بغداد و باقي المدن العراقية فقد العراق استقلاله السياسي والاقتصادي واصبح جزءاً من امبراطورية واسعة عرفت بالدولة الايلخانية.
ورغم وطأة الاحتلال المغولي فأن الصناعة شكلت جزءاً مهماً من النشاط الاقتصادي للسكان الى جانب الزراعة والتجارة وقد ركزنا في بحثنا هذا على ابرز الصناعات في بلاد العراق وايران في ظل حكم الدولة الايلخانية وكان أبرزها الصناعات النسيجية التي شهدت انتعاشا ملحوظاً لحاجة الناس اليها، بالإضافة الى الصناعة المعدنية كذلك صناعة الزجاج والورق وغيرها من الصناعات التي ازدهرت خلال الحكم الايلخاني، وقد اتبعنا المنهج التحليلي القائم على عرض النصوص وتحليلها وتتبع الاحداث التاريخية حسب السنين.
المقاييس
تفاصيل المقالة
هذا العمل مرخص بموجب Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
المراجع
Abdel Aziz, Mustafa Hashem, Saeed, Omar Ahmed: The economic systems of the two states, the Bahri Mamluks and the Burji Mamluks, (published research), Tikrit University Journal of Human Sciences, Tikrit, 2019, Vol. 26, p. 7.
Abu al-Abbas Ahmed bin Ali: Sobh al-Asha in the construction industry, Ministry of Culture and National Guidance, (Cairo, Dr.T), Part 5.
Abu Al-Fida, Ismail Hakki bin Mustafa: The Spirit of the Statement, Dar Al-Fikr, (Beirut, Dr.), Vol. 10.
Al-Ani, Nuri Abdul-Hamid: Iraq in the Jalairi era (738-814 AH / 1337-1411 AD), a study of its administrative and economic conditions, Public Culture Affairs House, (Baghdad, 1986).
Al-Azzawi, Abbas: History of Astronomy in Iraq and its Relationships with Islamic and Arab Countries in the Post-Abbasid Period, Publications of the Iraqi Scientific Academy, (Iraq, 1958).
Al-Azzawi, Abbas: The History of Iraqi Money, After the Abbasid Periods from 656-1335 AH / 1258-1917 AD, printed by the Trading and Printing Company, (Baghdad, 1958).
Al-Douri, Abdulaziz: Iraq's Economic History in the Fourth Century AH, Center for Arab Unity Studies, (Beirut, 1995), p. 116.
Al-Farabi, Abu Al-Nasr Ismail: The Sahih Crown of Language and the Sahihah of Arabic, investigation: Ahmed Abdel-Ghafour Attar, Dar Al-Ilm for Millions, (Beirut, 1987), Part 6.
Al-Hamdhani, Rashid al-Din Fadlallah: Jami' al-Tawarikh (History of Ghazan Khan), translated by: Fouad Abdul Muti al-Sayyad, Dar al-Thaqafa for publishing, (Cairo, 2000).
Al-Narshakhi, Abi Bakr Muhammad bin Jaafar: History of Bukhari, Dar Al-Ma'arif, Egypt, (Egypt, Dr. T).
Al-Qalqashandi, Abu Al-Abbas Ahmed bin Ali: Subh Al-Asha in the Industry of Al-Ansha, Ministry of Culture and National Guidance, (Cairo, Dr.T), Part 5.
Al-Sarmad, Qais Abdel-Wahed: Crafts, Professions, and Crafts in the Islamic East (Iraq, Persia, and Transoxiana), PhD thesis, (unpublished), submitted to the Deanship of the College of Education (Ibn Rushd), University of Baghdad, 1996.
Al-Sayed, Fouad Saleh: Founder of Islamic Countries, Hasan Al-Asriyya Bookshop, (Beirut, 2011).
Al-Thamri, Ihsan Thanoun: Bukhara City, Hamada Foundation for University Studies, (Jordan, 2005).
Amjad Mahmoud, Ahmed Abdel-Razzaq and others: Studies in Islamic civilization on the occasion of the fifteenth century AH, the Egyptian General Book Organization, (Cairo, 1985).
Bin Abd al-Haqq al-Baghdadi, Safi al-Din Abd al-Mu’min, Observatories of Seeing the Names of Places and Bekaa, investigation: Ali Muhammad al-Bajawi, Dar al-Ma’rifah, (Beirut, 1954), Part 1
C. A. Olivier: A Journey to the Ottoman Empire, Ktopia Publishing and Distribution, (D.M, 2020).
Comprehensive Incidents and Beneficial Experiences in the Seventh Hundred, investigation: Mahdi Al-Najm, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Alami, (Beirut, 2003).
Hassan, Zaki Muhammad: Iranian Arts in the Islamic Era, Al-Hindawi Foundation, (D.M., 2017).
Her story, Amal Muhammad: From the History of the Mongols (Economic Crises in the Ilkhanid Era), Eye for Human and Social Studies and Research, (Egypt, 2016).
Ibn Al-Fouti, Kamal Al-Din Abi Al-Fadl Abdul-Razzaq: Comprehensive Incidents and Beneficial Experiences in the Seventh Hundred, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah, (Beirut, 2003).
Ibn Battuta's Journey called The Watcher's Masterpiece in the Strange Things, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah, (Lebanon, 2011).
Jami’ al-Tawarikh (History of Ghazan Khan): Translated by: Fouad Abdel Muti Al-Sayyad, Al-Dar Al-Thaqafiyyah Publishing House, (Cairo, 2000 AD).
Khalil, Alaa Mahmoud: The Mongols in Mosul and the Jazira 656-737 AH / 1258-1335 AD, Master Thesis (unpublished), submitted to the Deanship of the College of Arts, University of Mosul, 1985.
Khasbak, Jaafar Hussein: Iraq during the era of the Ilkhanid Mongols 656-736 AH / 1258-1335 AD Conquest, administration, economic conditions, social conditions, Al-Ani Press, (Baghdad, 1968).
Marcopolo, The Travels of Marcopolo, translated by: Abdulaziz Tawfiq Jawid, The Exclusive General Authority for Books, (Egypt, 1977).
Saeed, Omar Ahmed: Varieties and Crafts in Baghdad (a study of their origin and formation until the end of the Buyid era 149-447 AH / 766-1055 AD), (published research), Tikrit University Journal of Human Sciences, Tikrit, 2019, Vol. 26, p. 15.
Safi al-Din Abd al-Mu'min, Observatories of Seeing the Names of Places and Bekaa, investigation: Ali Muhammad al-Bajawi, Dar al-Ma'rifah, (Beirut, 1954), Part 1.
Saleh, Khaled Youssef: Industry in Iraq during the last Abbasid era 552-656 AH / 1157-1258 AD, (published research), Research Journal of the College of Basic Education, Mosul, 2009, Vol. 9, p. 3.
The Pearls Hidden in the Notables of the Eighth Hundred, Dar Revival of Arab Heritage, (Beirut, Dr. T), Part 4, Pg. 462, Khalil: The Mongols in Mosul and the Island.
Yaqut al-Hamawi, Shihab al-Din Abi Abdullah: Lexicon of countries, Dar Sader, (Beirut, Dr. T), volume 4, p. 479, its episode, from the history of the Mongols.
Zakaria bin Muhammad bin Mahmoud: Antiquities of the country and news of the servants, Dar Sader, (Beirut, 2011).