اليهود في مصر عصر سلاطين المماليك (1250-1517م) دراسة في أحوالهم الاقتصادية والاجتماعية
الشريط الجانبي للمقالة
محتوى المقالة الرئيسي
الملخص
عاش اليهود في مصر جنباً الى جنب مع المسلمين والنصارى، وكانت لهم عاداتهم وتقاليدهم الموروثة من تراثهم الديني في ظل نوع من الاستقرار وحماية المسلمين لهم على وفق الشريعة الاسلامية التي امنتهم على اعتبارهم من اهل الذمة وواجب حماية اموالهم وارواحهم ومعابدهم تقع على عاتق المسلمين، مقابل ان يدفعوا الجزية لبيت المال، وقد ازدهرت تجارة اليهود في عصر المماليك وامتلكوا الاراضي الشاسعة والضياع والقصور وحتى الجواري ،وكانوا يشكلون عنصراً فعالا من عناصر المجتمع الاسلامي، رغم ان سلاطين المماليك كانوا بين الفترة والاخرى يقربونهم تارة ويبعدوهم تارة اخرى وفق مصالحهم وأهوائهم الشخصية، مما ولد نوعاً من التذمر لدى الكثير منهم لاسيما بعد رفع مبالغ الجزية بين سنة واخرى وإرهاقهم بدفع الاموال كلما دخل المماليك في معركة او استعدوا لحملة عسكرية، دفع ذلك الكثير من اليهود الى مغادرة الاراضي المصرية نحو بلدان المغرب والحبشة والممالك المسيحية في ايطاليا وأوربا في وقت تعاون من بقي في مصر منهم مع العثمانيين الذين كانوا اقل تشدداً من المماليك مع اليهود .
المقاييس
تفاصيل المقالة
هذا العمل مرخص بموجب Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
المراجع
- Ibn Shaddad, Izz al-Din Muhammad bin Ali bin Ibrahim, History of the King Zahir Baybars, investigated by Ahmed Hoteit, Islamic publications series, Cairo, 1983.
- Ibn Iyas, Muhammad bin Ahmed al-Hanafi, Badaa’ al-Zohour fi Waqa’iq al-Daur, investigated by Muhammad Mustafa, 2nd edition, Dar al-Kutub, Cairo, 2008, vol. 2.
- Al-Omari, Ahmed bin Yahya, Paths of Vision in the Kingdoms of Al-Asar, (Manuscript), Frankfurt University, Germany, d.T.
- Haji Khalifa, Mustafa bin Abdullah, Uncovering Doubts, Dar Al-Fikr, Beirut, 1982.
- Ibn al-Akhwa, Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Qurashi, The Milestones of Kinship in the Rulings of Hisba, investigated by Muhammad Mahmoud Shaaban, Egyptian Book Authority, Cairo, 2007.
- Ibn Al-Sirafi, Ali bin Dawood bin Al-Khatib Al-Gohary, Nuzha Al-Nufus wa Al-Badat fi Tarekh Al-Zaman, achieved by Hassan Habashi, four volumes, 2nd edition, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, Cairo, 2010.
- Al-Maqrizi, Ahmed bin Ali bin Taqi Al-Din, The Plans of Al-Maqrizi, investigated by Muhammad Mustafa, Dar Sader, Beirut, 1984.
- The Behavior to Know the Countries of Kings, investigated by Mustafa Ziada, Beirut, 1981.
- Ibn Taghri Bardi, Jamal al-Din Abu al-Mahasin, The Shining Stars in the Kings of Egypt and Cairo, investigated by Muhammad in them Shaltout, Egyptian Book House, Cairo, 2006.
- Accidents of Eternity over Days and Months, investigated by Fahim Muhammad, The Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs, Cairo, 1990.
- Ibn al-Hajj, Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Muhammad al-Maliki, the entrance, achieved by Ahmed Farid al-Mazidi, al-Tawfiqia Library, Cairo, d. T.
- Ibn Maimon, Abi Imran bin Abdullah Al-Isra’il Al-Qurtubi, the Torah Deuteronomy, investigated by Philip Beber, translated by Muhammad Khalil, Beirut, 1981.
- Al-Qalqashandi, Ahmed bin Ali, Subh Al-Asha fi Sina’ Al-Ansha, investigated by Muhammad Husayn Shams Al-Din, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, Beirut, 1st edition, 1987.
- Tohamy, Mahmoud El-Sayed, Religious Minorities in Islamic Egypt, d. M, D.T.
- Ashour, Said Abdel-Fattah, Egyptian Society in the Era of the Mamluk Sultans, 1st Edition, The Arab Renaissance Library, Cairo, 1962.
- Hassan, Ali, History of the Maritime Mamluks, Al-Nahda Library, Cairo, 1948.
- El-Mesiri, Abdel-Wahhab, Jewish Minorities between Trade and National Claims, Dar Nafeh, Cairo, 1975.
- Amin, Muhammad, Endowments and Social Life in Egypt 1250-1517, Dar Al-Kutub, Cairo, 2014.
- Abdel Salam, Abdel Moneim, Religious Minorities in Egypt, Cairo, d.
- Al-Arini, Al-Sayyid Al-Baz, the Mamluks, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya for Printing and Publishing, Beirut, d. T.
- Isaac, Ibrahim, Slave Trade in the Islamic World, 2nd Edition, d. M, d. T.
- Mahmoud, Muhammad Al-Sayyid, History of the Ottoman Empire (Birth and Prosperity), 1st Edition, Library of Arts, Cairo, 2007.
-Atta, Tawfiq Ali, The Jews of the East, Their Customs and Traditions, 2nd Edition, Damascus, 1967.
- Qasim, Abdo Qassem, The Jews in Egypt from the Islamic Conquest to the Ottoman Conquest, 1st Edition, Dar Al-Fikr, Cairo, 1978.
-, Studies in Egypt's Social History in the Era of the Mamluk Sultans, 1st Edition, Dar Al-Maaref, Cairo, 1983.
المصادر والمراجع المعربة
- Jacob, David, The Jews in Islamic Societies, translated by Khalil Al-Fadhli, 2nd Edition, Beirut, 1968.
- Margulies, History of the Jewish People, 2nd Edition, New York, 1964.
- Savola, Abraham, Jews between Diaspora and Stability, translated by Abdullah Samih Al-Mufti, Dar Al-Sayyad, Beirut, 1959.
- Eliyahu, Rubin, Jewish Philosophy in the Middle Ages, translated by Shawki Kamel, 2nd Edition, Beirut, 1995. 5- Ettinger, Samuel, The Jews in the Islamic Countries, translated by Dr. Jamal Ahmad Al-Rifai, Kuwait, 1995.
المصادر والمراجع غير العربية
-Joos van Ghistel, voyage en Egypt, 1842-1483, Bruxelle, 1972.
-Israel, Roj, Economic conditions of the Jews in Egypt Arno Press, New York, 1971.
-Alfred, Haim, History of the Jews in Middle Eeast London, 1977.
-Stein, Taylor, The Jews in Egypt, New York, 1975.
البحوث والدراسات
- Ammar Muhammad Al-Nahar, The Role of Dhimmis and Western Communities and Their Activities in the Mamluk Era, Journal of Historical Studies, No. 136, Damascus University, 2014.
- Abdel Aziz, Ahmed Abdel Razzaq, The issue of religious persecution in Egypt in the era of the Mamluk sultans, reality or myth, Journal of the College of Basic Education for Educational and Human Sciences, Babylon University, Issue 41, December, 2018.
- Al-Tazi, Laila Mahmoud, Foreign Education in the Arab Countries, Al-Thaqafa Journal, No. 18, Fez, 1977.
- Abed Rabbo, Fahmy, The Jews of Egypt between Nationalism and the Desire to Emigrate, Al-Tali’a Magazine, Issue 61, July 1966.