The Holy Quran

‏ Primary sources

‏ Ibn al-Atheer, Abu al-Hasan Izz al-Din Ali Ibn Abi al-Karam Muhammad al-Shaibani al-Jazari, (died: 630 AH / 1233 AD), al-Kamel fi al-Tarikh, investigated by: Omar Abd al-Salam Tadmuri, i 1, Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi, (Beirut, 1997 AD)).

‏ • Ibn Al-Jawzi, Jamal Al-Din Abu Al-Faraj Abdul Rahman bin Ali, (T.: 597 AH / 1201 AD))‏ - The Regular in the History of Nations and Kings, investigation: Muhammad Abdul-Qadir Atta, Mustafa Abdul-Qadir Atta, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, (Beirut, 1992 AD))

‏ • Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani, Abu Al-Fadl Ahmed bin Ali bin Muhammad bin Ahmed bin Hajar, (d. 852 AH /1448 AD))

‏ The injury in distinguishing the companions, achieved by: Adel Ahmed Abdel Mawgod and Ali Mohamed Moawad, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmia, (Beirut, 1995 AD))

‏ Lifting the insistence on the judges of Egypt, investigation: Ali Muhammad Omar, Volume 1, Al-Khanji Library, (Cairo, 1998 AD))

‏ • Al-Harady, Yahya bin Abi Bakr bin Muhammad bin Yahya Al-Amiri (At: 893 AH / 1488 AD), Ghurbal Al-Zaman in the Deaths of Notables, investigation: Muhammad Naji Zoabi Al-Omar, Zaid bin Thabit Press, (Damascus, 1985 AD)).

‏ Ibn Abd al-Haq, Safi al-Din Abd al-Mumin ibn Abd al-Haq al-Qutai’i al-Baghdadi, (T.: 739 AH / 1338 AD), observatories of access to the names of places and the Bekaa, investigated by: Ali Muhammad al-Bajawi, Dar al-Jeel, I 1, (Beirut, 1992 AD))

‏ • Al-Humairi, Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Abdul-Moneim (died 900 AH / 1495 AD) Al-Rawd Al-Maatar in the news of the countries, investigative: Ihsan Abbas, 2nd edition, Nasser Foundation for Culture, (Beirut, 1980 AD))

‏ • Al-Khatib Al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr Ahmed bin Ali (d. 463 AH / 1072 AD), History of Baghdad, investigation: Bashar Awwad, 1st edition, Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami, (Beirut, 2002 AD)

‏ • Al-Dhahabi, Shams Al-Din Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Ahmed bin Othman bin Qaymaz, (d. 748 AH / 1347 AD))

‏Biography of the Flags of the Nobles, investigated by: Shuaib Al-Arnaout and others, 3rd edition, Al-Resala Foundation, (Beirut, 1985)

‏ • Al-Zamakhshari, Abu Al-Qasim Jarallah Mahmoud bin Amr bin Ahmed, (T.: 538 AH / 1143 AD), The Basis of Rhetoric, investigated by: Muhammad Basil Oyoun Al-Soud, 1st Edition, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, (Beirut, 1998 AD)).

‏ • Ibn Sabahi Zadeh, Muhammad bin Ali Al-Barsawi, (T.: 997 AH / 1589 AD), the clearest paths to the knowledge of countries and kingdoms, achieved by: Al-Mahdi Eid Al-Rawadiya, Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami, (Beirut, 2008 AD))

‏ • Sibt Ibn al-Jawzi, Shams al-Din Abu al-Muzaffar Yusuf bin Quz Oghli bin Abdullah, known as (Sibt Ibn al-Jawzi), (T.: 654 AH / 1156 AD), Mirror of Time in the History of Notables, investigation: a group of investigators, 1st edition, Dar al-Resala International (Damascus, 2013)

‏Ibn Saad, Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Saad bin Mani’ Al-Hashimi with Al-Walaa Al-Basri, (d. 230 AH / 845 AD), al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, investigation: Ihsan Abbas, Edition 1, Dar Sader, (Beirut, 1968 AD)

‏ • Ibn al-Shaar, Kamal al-Din Abu al-Barakat al-Mubarak Ibn al-Shaar al-Mawsili (d. 654 AH / 1256 AD), Juman’s necklaces in the pioneer poets of this time, known as “Aqd al-Juman in the poets of this time.” Investigation: Kamel Salman al-Jubouri, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya , (Beirut, 2005 AD))

‏ • Al-Sabi, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim bin Hilal Al-Harrani, (died: 384 AH / 984 AD), selected from the Rasa’il Al-Sabi, Edited and Edited by: Prince Shakib Arslan, Progressive House, (Beirut, 2910 AD)

‏ • Al-Safadi, Salah Al-Din Khalil bin Aybak bin Abdullah, (T.: 764 AH / 1363 AD) Al-Wafi in Deaths, investigative by: Ahmed Al-Arnaout, Turki Mustafa, Heritage Revival House, (Beirut, 2000 AD)

‏ • Al-Tabari, Abu Jaafar Muhammad bin Jarir, (T.: 310 AH / 923 AD), History of the Messengers and Kings known as (Tarikh al-Tabari) Investigation: Muhammad Abu Al-Fadl Ibrahim, 3rd Edition, Dar Al-Maaref, (Cairo, 1979)

‏ • Abu Al-Fida, Imad Al-Din Ismail bin Muhammad bin Omar Al-Ayoubi (died: 73 AH / 1331 AD), Taqweem Al-Buldan, took care of its correction: Raynord and Mac Cocken Deslan, Royal Printing House (Paris, 1840 AD).

‏ Ibn al-Faqih, Abu Abdullah Ahmed bin Muhammad bin Ishaq al-Hamdani (T.: 365 AH / 975 AD), Al-Buldan, investigation: Yusef Al-Hadi, 1st edition, Alam Al-Kutub, (Beirut, 1996 AD)

‏ Al-Qalqashandi, Ahmed bin Ali bin Ahmed Al-Farazi Al-Qahiri, (died 821 AH / 1418 AD), the exploits of the infidels in the landmarks of the Caliphate, investigation: Abdul-Sattar Ahmad Farraj, 2nd Edition, Kuwait Government Press, (Kuwait, 1985 AD)

‏ Miskawayh, Abu Ali Ahmed bin Muhammad bin Yaqoub, (died: 421 AH / 1030 AD), The Experiences of Nations and the Succession of Determination, Investigated by: Abu Al-Qasim Emami, 2nd Edition, Dar Soroush, (Tehran, 2000 AD)

Muslim, Abu Al-Hassanin Muslim bin Al-Hajjaj Al-Naysaburi, (d. 261 AH/872 AD), Sahih Muslim, investigation: Muhammad Fouad Abdel-Baqi, Arab Heritage Revival House, (Beirut, 1975 AD))

‏ • Ibn Al-Mulqen, Siraj Al-Din Abu Hafs Omar Bin Ali Bin Ahmed Al-Shafi’i Al-Masry (: 804 AH / 1401), The Doctrine of the Faith in the Layers of the Doctrine Campaign, Investigation: Ayman Nasr Al-Azhari and Sayyid Muhanni, House of Scientific Books, (Beirut, 1997 ))

‏ • Al-Mandhari, Abu Muhammad Zaki Al-Din Abdul-Azim bin Abdul-Qawi bin Abdullah, (at: 656 AH / 1268 AD) the supplement to the deaths of the shift, investigation: Bashar Awad Maarouf, 2nd edition, Al-Resala Foundation, (Beirut, 1981 AD)

‏ • Ibn Manzur, Abu al-Fadl Jamal al-Din Muhammad bin Makram bin Ali al-Ansari al-Ruwaifai al-Afriqi (died: 711 AH / 1311 AD), Lisan al-Arab, 3rd edition, Dar Sader, (Beirut, 1994 AD)

‏ Ibn Hisham, Abu Muhammad Jamal al-Din Abd al-Malik ibn Hisham ibn Ayyub al-Hamiri al-Ansari, (died: 218 AH / 833 AD), the Prophet’s biography, investigation: Mustafa al-Saqa, Ibrahim al-Abyari and Abdel Hafeez al-Shalabi, Mustafa al-Babi al-Halabi Library and Press, (Cairo, 1955 CE). )

‏ • Yaqut al-Hamawi, Shihab al-Din Abu Abdullah Yaqut ibn Abdullah al-Roumi (died: 626 AH / 1229 AD)

‏ - Guiding the doubter to know the writer or what is called (The Dictionary of Writers), achieved by: Ihsan Abbas, 1st Edition, Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami, (Beirut, 1993 AD).

‏ Dictionary of Countries, Dar Sader, 3rd Edition (Beirut, 1995)

secondary references

• Al-Anbari, Abdul Razzaq Ali, Position of Judge of the Abbasid State, Arab House of Encyclopedias, (Beirut, 1987 AD)

• Al-Jubouri, Ahmed Ismail, an overview of the translations of the judges of Mosul and its outskirts in the Abbasid era, research published in the Mosul Studies Journal, No. 12, April 2006 AD,

• Al-Sarhan, Mohie Hilal, Encyclopedia of Tikrit City, Iraqi Ministry of Culture and Information, (Baghdad, 1997)

• Daman, Marbad Saleh, The Judiciary in the Rashidun Era, Journal of Tikrit University for Human Sciences, Issue 9, September 2016

• Al-Isawi, Muhammad Ahmed, the most prominent person who assumed power and the position of judge in the era of the Ayyubid state, the Egyptian homeland and the Levant as a model, Tikrit University Journal for Human Sciences, Volume 23, Issue 6, June 2016

Al-Qasimi: Dhafer, The System of Governance in Sharia and Islamic History, Dar Al-Nafais, (Beirut, 1992 AD),.

• Abdel Latif, Abdel Shafi Mohamed, Safeer Encyclopedia of Islamic History, Safeer Publishing House, (Cairo, 1996 AD)

Investigations on the Rooting of Identity for Childhood from Mesopotamia Cities, Dar Zuhdi, (Amman, 2020 AD)

Al-Najdi, Abdul Rahman bin Muhammad bin Qasim Al-Asimi, Al-Durar Al-Sunniah in Najd Answers, Dar Al-Qasim for Printing and Publishing, (Riyadh, 1996 AD)