اوضاع التجارة في سورية ابان فترة الانتداب الفرنسي1920-1946
الشريط الجانبي للمقالة
محتوى المقالة الرئيسي
الملخص
جاء البحث لتوضيح اوضاع التجارة في سورية بعد احتلالها من فرنسا وكيف ان الاخيرة استخدمت واستغلت التجارة السورية والموانئ خدمة لمصالحها العسكرية والاقتصادية .
حاول البحث ان يسلط الضوء على دراسة السياسة التجارية التي اتبعتها الادارة الفرنسية في سورية طيلة فترة الانتداب 1920-1946 ، وكيف انعكست تلك السياسة على مجمل أوضاع سورية الاقتصادية والمعاناة والمشاكل التي نتجت عن تلك السياسة .
اعطى البحث صورة واضحة عن محاولات التغلغل الاقتصادي على سورية من خلال المعاهدات التي سبق ومنحتها الدولة العثمانية والتي كانت تتجدد مع استلام كل سلطان جديد، واشار البحث الى اتباع الانتداب الفرنسي سياسة الباب المفتوح والتي يترتب عليها فتح ابواب سورية امام السلع الاجنبية ولاسيما الفرنسية ، كما اوضح البحث تراجع اوضاع التجارة الداخلية لسورية وتأثرها بسياسة التجزئة التي اتبعتها الادارة الفرنسية فضلا عن قلة طرق المواصلات ، أما بالنسبة للتجارة الخارجية السورية فلم يكن وضعها أفضل من تجارتها الداخلية ، فقد أظهرت هي الأخرى عجزا دائما في ميزان الصادرات والواردات .
كما اوضح البحث كيف اسهمت ظروف الحرب العالمية الثانية 1939-1945، واحتلال ألمانيا لفرنسا الى قطع علاقات سورية الاقتصادية مع العالم الخارجي ، فانقطع تصدير البضائع السورية الى أوربا. واثر ذلك سلباً على الاوضاع الاقتصادية خاصة في السنوات الاولى للحرب .
المقاييس
تفاصيل المقالة
هذا العمل مرخص بموجب Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
College of Education for Humanities, TIKRIT UNIVERSITY. THIS IS AN OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE UNDER THE CC BY LICENSE http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
المراجع
First: Arabic books:
Abu Khaldoun Sateh Al-Hosari, Yum Maysaloun, Al-Kashaf Library, (Beirut, 1948 (1)
(2)Yusef al-Hakim, Syria and the Ottoman Era, ed. 2, An-Nahar Publishing House, (Beirut, 1980).
General Keeler, Arabs and Colonialism, Al Hayat Library Publishing House, (Beirut, dt))
(4) Adel Abdel Salam, Syria's Regional Geography, Part 1, Al-Rawda Press, (Damascus, 1982.
(5) Safouh Khair, Syria: A Study in Political Geography, Ministry of Culture Publications, 1st Edition, (Damascus, 2003)
(6)Khairia Qasimia, The Arab Government in Damascus (1918-1920), Dar Al Maaref, Egypt, Cairo, 1971)
(7)Zuhair Al-Shalaq, From Mandate Papers: History of What History Has Neglected, 1st Edition, Dar Al-Nafaes for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, (Beirut, 1947
(8)Wajih Kawtharani, The Levant, (Population, Economy and French Politics at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century), Reading in Documents, 1st Edition, Arab Development Institute for Publishing, (Beirut, 1980)
(9)Idris Al-Nasser Raisi, Ottoman-European Relations, 1st Edition, Dar Al-Hadi for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, (Lebanon, 2007)
(10)Muhammad Farid Bey, the lawyer, History of the Ottoman Attic Empire, Dar Al-Jeel, Beirut, 1977).
(11)Ali Sultan, History of Syria 1908-1918, The End of Turkish Rule, 1st Edition, Tlass House for Studies, Translation and Publishing, (Damascus, 1996).
(12)Laila Al-Sabbagh, The European Communities in the Levant during the Ottoman Era in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, Part 2, (Beirut, 1989).
(13)Mahmoud Saleh Saeed, The Lebanese Question 1840-1861, 1st Edition, House of Books and Archives in Baghdad, (Baghdad, 2009)
(14) Hikmat Ali Ismail, The French Mandate System for Syria 1920-1928, 1st Edition, Tlass House for Studies, Translation and Publishing, (Damascus, 1998).
(15) Badr Al-Din Al-Sebaei, Spotlight on Foreign Capital in Syria 1850-1958, 1st Edition, Dar Al-Massahir, (Damascus, 1967).
(16)Ali Mohafaza, The Position of France, Germany and Italy on Arab Unity 1919-1945, 1st Edition, Center for Arab Unity Studies, (Beirut, 1980).
(17)Muhammad Salih Haniyur Al-Ziyadi, Syria in the years of the global economic crisis 1929-1933, 1st Edition, Tammuz House Printing Publishing Distribution, (Damascus, 2013)
(18)Muhammad Farid Bey, the Lawyer, History of the Ottoman Attic State, (Beirut, 1981).
((19)Zahia Kaddoura, History of Modern Arabs, (Beirut, 1975
(20)Ibrahim Khalil Ahmad, History of the Arab World in the Ottoman Era 1516-1916, Ibn Al-Atheer House for Printing and Publishing, (Mosul, 2005).
( (21) Lutsky, History of the Modern Arab Countries, 9 ed., Dar Al-Farabi, (Beirut, 2007
.( (22)Zahia Kaddoura, Modern History of the Arabs, (Beirut, 1975
(23)Walid Al-Muallem, Syria 1916-1946 The Road to Freedom, 1st Edition, Tlass House for Studies, Translation and Publishing, (Damascus, 1988).
(24)Ahmed Ali, Economic Development in Turkey, (Paris, 1981).
(25)Joseph Hajjar, Syria, Bilad al-Sham (The division of a homeland in Arabic and French), study and documentary file on the Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1st Edition, Tlass Publishing House, (Damascus -1999).
.( (26)Sateh Al-Hosari, Yum Maysaloun, (Damascus, 1945
(27)Essam Kamal Khalifa, Research in the History of Contemporary Lebanon, 1st Edition, Dar Al-Jeel Publishing, (Beirut, 1985).
.( (28)Fouad Nashi, Syria in the Battle, Global Renaissance, (Cairo, 1957
(29)Zain Nour al-Din Zain, The International Conflict in the Middle East and the Birth of the Countries of Syria and Lebanon, 3rd Edition, An-Nahar Publishing House, (Beirut, 1977)
(30)Abdullah Hanna, The Agricultural Issue and the Peasant Movements in Syria and Lebanon 1820-1920, First Section, Dar Al-Farabi, (Beirut – 1978). (31)Abdullah Hanna, The Labor Movement in Syria and Lebanon 1900-1945, (Damascus, 1973). (32)Saeed Hamadeh, The Economic System in Syria and Lebanon, The American Press, (Beirut, 1936).
(33)Abd al-Muttalib al-Sayyid Muhammad Amin and Mahmud al-Mahdi, The Battle of France, Al-Naqid National Press, (Baghdad, 1947).
(34)Najeeb Al-Armanazi, Syria from the Occupation to the Evacuation, 2nd Edition, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Jadeed, (Beirut, 1973).
( (35)Munir Al-Hamash, The Development of the Modern Syrian Economy, 1st Edition, (Damascus, 1983).
( (36)(Yahya Aroudaki, Modern Syrian Economy, Part 1, House of Culture, (Damascus, 1972).
Second: Arabized Books:
(1)B-e Liddell Hart, German Leaders Speak, translated by: Haitham Al-Ayoubi and Akram Derry, Al-Nahda Library Publications (Baghdad, 1983).
(2)Yilmaz Oztuna, The History of the Ottoman Empire, translated by: Adnan Mahmoud Suleiman, Revision by: Mahmoud Al-Ansari, Volume 1, Publications of the Faisal Foundation for Finance, (Turkey, 1988).
(3)Charles Issawi, The Economic History of the Fertile Crescent 1800-1914, translated by: Abd al-Raouf Abbas Hamed (Beirut, 1990).
(4)Stephen Hamsley Longrigg, Syria and Lebanon under the French Mandate, translated by: Pierre Akl, 1st Edition, Dar Al Haqiqa, (Beirut, 1978).
(5)Judah Zevi Hirschlag, An Introduction to Modern Economic History of the Middle East, translated by: Mustafa Al-Husseini, Dar Al-Haqiqa, (Beirut, 1973).
Third - English books:
(1)Ghanim AL.Haffov, L`Irak devant La deuxieme guerre Mondiale - these de doctorat, Universitè poitiers - (france, 1981).
(2)Grorge haddad fifty years of modern Syria and Lebanon printed at modern hayat (qeirut 1950).
(3) Pierre Rossi, L` Irak des Revoltes. Editions du seuil, (Paris, 1962),
Fourth - Letters and Theses:
(1)Shaima Fadhil Mukhaiber Al-Amiri, Policy of the Free France Government towards Syria and Lebanon during the Second World War 1939-1945, unpublished master's thesis, College of Education, Ibn Rushd, (University of Baghdad 2000).
(2)Jalal Kazem Mohsen Al-Kinani, The French Administration in Syria 1920-1936, unpublished doctoral thesis, Ibn Rushd College of Education, (University of Baghdad, 2009).
(3)Shafi` Muhammad Mahmoud Idris Al-Mursidi, Political and Economic Transformations in Iraq and Syria and Their Impact on Economic Relations 1921-1958, Unpublished Master Thesis, College of Arts, (University of Mosul,