محتوى المقالة الرئيسي

Mohammed Yahia Ahmed AL-Jouani
Art.dr.mohammed.y57@uoanbar.edu.iq
Saba Rabie Ahmed AL-Mohammedi
Art.dr.mohammed.y57@uoanbar.edu.iq

الملخص

        أدى رفض المكسيك التصويت على القرار الأمريكي لإدانة الشيوعية في مؤتمر كاركاس عام 1954، إلى تصاعد الضغوطات الامريكية على الحكومة المكسيكية التي لم تضع أي تشريع مناهض للشيوعية ولا برنامجاً لاستبعاد الشيوعيين من الأراضي المكسيكية وأصبحت ملجأً للمنفيين الشيوعيين من دول أمريكا اللاتينية الأخرى، الامر الذي أثار مخاوف الإدارة الامريكية من حدوث تغلغل شيوعي داخل النظام السياسي المكسيكي في الوقت الذي كانت فيه الولايات المتحدة حريصة على كسب الأنظمة السياسية إلى جانبها حتى لو كانت غير ديمقراطية، لا سيما مع أهم دولة تشترك معها في الحدود البرية والبحرية، وقد أدركت المكسيك أن مناهضة الشيوعية كان المعيار الذي قاست من خلاله الولايات المتحدة الامريكية ولاء حلفاؤها، كما أدركت أن الاستراتيجية الامريكية ضد التوسع الشيوعي في أمريكا اللاتينية قد تضطرها إلى التدخل في المكسيك، مما أدى إلى استسلام الحكومة المكسيكية للضغوطات الامريكية، لا سيما بعد التدخل الأمريكي في غواتيمالا عام 1954، إذ أعلنت المكسيك عن تضامنها مع الولايات المتحدة لمناهضة الشيوعية.

المقاييس

يتم تحميل المقاييس...

تفاصيل المقالة

كيفية الاقتباس
Ahmed AL-Jouani, M. Y., & AL-Mohammedi, S. R. A. (2021). مؤتمر كاراكاس وأثره على العلاقات الامريكية-المكسيكية 1954-1957. مجلة جامعة تكريت للعلوم الانسانية, 28(6), 256–279. https://doi.org/10.25130/jtuh.28.6.2021.13
القسم
Articles

المراجع

Published Documents

A. Foreign Relations of the United States:

• Foreign Relations of the United States, Vol.IV, 1952-1954, Memorandum by the Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs (Cabot) to the Acting Secretary of State, No.70, Washington, February 10, 1954.

• F.R.U.S., Vol.IV, 1952-1954, Report Prepared in the Department of State, No.78, Washington, April, 1954.

• F.R.U.S., Vol.IV, 1952-1954, Progress Report Prepared in the Department of State for the Operations Coordinating Board, No.8, Washington, May 25, 1954.

• F.R.U.S., Vol.IV, 1952-1954, Memorandum for the Files, by the Ambassador in Mexico (White), No.595, Mexico City, June 3, 1954.

• F.R.U.S., Vol.IV, 1952-1954, Memorandum for the Files, by the Ambassador in Mexico (White), No.595, Mexico City, June 3, 1954.

• F.R.U.S., Vol.IV, 1952-1954, Memorandum of Conversation, by the Secretary of State, No.596, Washington, September 22, 1954.

• F.R.U.S., Vol.VI, 1955-1957, Letter from the Ambassador in Mexico (White) to the President, No.213, Mexico City, August 29, 1955.

B. Central Intelligence Agency:

• Central Intelligence Agency, Possible Anti- Communist Attitude of Government, No.5499, December 9, 1953.

• CIA, Current Intelligence Bulletin-1954/2/2, No.84, February 2, 1954.

• CIA, Mexico City in Hemisphere Congress, Discussion Between Langtry and Headquarters, No.131, March 4, 1954.

• CIA, Reactions to Secretary Dulles 8 March Caracas Speech on Communist Intervention in the Western Hemisphere, No.79, March 10, 1954.

• CIA, Kugown-Congress Against Soviet Intervention in Latin America, Mexico City, No.922, June 1, 1954.

• CIA, Guatemalan Matters Shipment of Arms Via Mexico, No.915, April 3, 1954.

• CIA, General- Pbsuccess-Specific- Guatemalan Procurement of Mexican Arms, No.914, December 28, 1953.

• CIA, Current Intelligence Bulletin-1954/6/12, No.80, June 1954.

• CIA, Kugown Operations-Coverage of Guatemalan Activities from Mexico, No.921, June 20, 1954.

• CIA, Mexican Leftist Help for Arbenz Regime (W/ Attachment), No. 728, June 25, 1954.

• CIA, Political Activities of Guatemalan Leftists, No.83, March 31, 1955.

• CIA, Probable Developments in Guatemala, No.79, July 26, 1955.

• CIA, Study of Communist Movement in Mexico Your Reference, No.78, August 21, 1956.

C. U.S. Congress

• U.S. Congress, Claims Resulting from Rio Grande Floods Department of State, Vol.14, No.1247, Washington, November, 1953.

D. US State Department News releases:

• US. Department of State Publication: International Organization and Conference Series, Tenth Inter-American Conference, Caracas, Venezuela, March 1-28, 1954: Vol.14, U.S. Government Printing Office, August 3, 1955.

• U.S. Department of State, The Department of State Bulletin, Vol.XXXVI, No.915, Office of Public Communication, Bureau of Public Affairs, February 25, 1957.

Theses:

• Jesus E. Encinas Valenzuela, Mexican Foreign Policy and Un Peacekeeping Operations, Master thesis of Science in Defense Analysis from the Naval Postgraduate School, California, 2006.

• Jose Luis Valdes, Intervening in Revolution: The U.S. Exercise of Power in Guatemala, 1954, PhD thesis in Philosophy, The London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London, 1999.

• Qasim Namir Jalloub, The Policy of the United States of America Towards Guatemala 1951-1954, Master Thesis in University of Basra, Iraq, 2014.

• Lobna Naji Mohammed, John Foster Dulles and his political role in the United States of America (1888-1953), Master Thesis in University of Tikrit, Iraq, 2018.

Books:

• Alan Mcpherson, A Short History of U.S. Interventions in Latin American and Caribbean, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Oxford, 2016.

• Alicia Hernandez Chavez, Mexico: A Brief History, Translation: Andy Klatt, University of California Press, U.S., 2006.

• Andrew Selle, Perceptions and Misconceptions in U.S.-Mexico Relations, The Woodrow Wilson Center, Washington, 2005.

• Andreas Zimmermann and others, the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary, OUP Oxford, U.K, 2011.

• Carlos Sola Ayape, The Mexican Diplomats and the Second Spanish Republic (1931-1975), Fondo de Cultura Economica, Mexico, 2016.

• Carroll Neale Ronning, Diplomatic Asylum: Legal Norms and Political Reality in Latin American Relations, Springer Science& Business Media, Berlin, 2012.

• Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years: Mandate for Change, 1953-1956, Doubleday& Company, New York, 1963.

• Edward S. Mihalkanin, American Statesmen: Secretaries of State from John Jay to Colin Powell, Greenwood Publishing Group, U.S., 2004.

• Gregory B. Weeks, U.S. and Latin American Relations, Second Edition, Wiley Blackwell, U.S., 2015.

• James W. Muller, Churchill's "Iron Curtain" Speech Fifty Years Later, University of Missouri Press, U.S.A, 1999.

• J. Lloyd Mecham, The United States and Inter-American Security, 1889-1960, University of Texas Press, U.S., 1961.

• Jose Fina Zoraida Vazquez and Lorenzo Meyer, The United States and Mexico, University of Chicago Press, U.S., 1987.

• Karl M. Schmitt, Communism in Mexico: A Study in Political Frustration, University of Texas Press, U.S., 1965.

• Leslie Bethell, The Cambridge History of Latin America: Latin America since 1930: Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, Vol.VII, Cambridge University Press, U.K, 2008.

• Martin Pegler, The Thompson Submachine Gun: from Prohibition Chicago to World II, Bloomsbury Publishing, London, 2011.

• Naglaa Saeed Makkawi, The Cold War in Latin America, Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies, Beirut, 2013.

• Piero Gleijeses, Shattered Hope: The Guatemalan Revolution and the United States, 1944-1954, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1991.

• Rebecca M. Shreiber, Cold War Exiles in Mexico U.S. Dissidents and the Culture of Critical, University of Minnesota Press, U.S., 2008.

• Richard H. Immerman, John Foster Dulles and the Diplomacy of Cold War, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1992.

• Ruhl Bartlett, Policy and Power Two Centuries of American Foreign, University of Florida Libraries, U.S., 1963.

• Stephen G. Rabe, Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism, The University of North Carolina Press, U.S., 1988.

• Stephen M. Streeter, Managing the Counterrevolution, The United States and Guatemala, 1954-1961, Ohio University Center for International Studies, U.S., 2000.

• Udo Zautz, Presidents of the United States of America from 1789 until today, House of Wisdom, London, 2006.

Researchs:

• Eduardo Saenz Rovner, Notes for a political biography of Vicente Lombardo Toledano, Center for Philosophical, Political and Social Studies, Mexico, 1998.

• Enrique M. Buelna, The Mexican Question: Mexican Americans in The Communist Party, 1940-1957, Center for Research on Latinos, No.14, University of California Irvine, 1999.

• Eugenia Roldan Vera and Carlos Martinez Valle, The Triumphant Revolution: The Travels of Lazaro Cardenas as President of Mexico 1934-1940, Research published in Journal of Global History and Comparative Society Studies, Complutense University, Madrid, No. 3, January 19, 2009.

• Jorge A. Schiavon, The Mexico-United States Special Relationship: Changes and Continuities in the War and Post-Cold War, 1945-2005, Economic Research and Teaching Center, Division of International Studies, No.137, Mexico, May, 2006.

• Julio Lisandro Canon, The Inter-American Defense Confederation of the Continent (CIDC), Columbia University, Vol.VI, No.12, 2017.

• Leandro Ariel Morgenfeld, The Beginning of the Cold War and the Inter-American System: Argentina versus the United States at the Caracas Conference 1954, Contemporary History and Problems of Singlo, Vol.1, Year 1, University of Buenos Aires, 2010.

• Manol E. Vela Castaneda, Guatemala, 1954: The Ideas of the Counterrevolution, International Forum, Vol.XLV, No.1, Mexico, January-March, 2005.

• Max Paul Friedman, Reciprocity in Mexican Relations with the United States: Past Indicators of Future Dilemmas, The Mexican Law Review, Vol.VI, No.2, National Autonomous University of Mexico, June, 2014.

• Mohammed Yahia Ahmed Al-Jouani, The Policy of United States of America Towards Guatemala 1951-1954, Research published in Anbar University Journal of Human Sciences, Issue 3, December 2017.

• Soledad Loaeza, The Mexican Political Fracture and the Coup in Guatemala: The Beginnings of the Cold War in Latin America, Cultrure& History Digital Journal, Vol.4, No.1, Mexico, 2015.

Encyclopedias:

• Central Intelligence Agency: An Encyclopedia of Covert Ops, Intelligence Gathering, and Spies, Vol.1, ABC-CLIO, U.S., 2015.

• David W. Dent, Encyclopedia of Modern Mexico: Historical Dictionaries of Latin America Series, Scarecrow Press, U.S., 2002.

• Harris M. Lentz, Heads of States and Governments: A Worldwide Encyclopedia of Over 2.300 Leaders, 1945 through 1992, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, U.K, 1994.

• Martin Folly and Niall Palmer, Historical Dictionary of U.S. Diplomacy from World War I through World War II: Historical Dictionaries of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations, No.11, The Scarecrow Press, Inc., Lanham, 2010.

• Spencer C. Tucker and others, The Encyclopedia of the Korean War, Vol.I, Second Edition, Greenwood Publishing Group, U.S., 2010.

• Thomas M. Leonard and others, Encyclopedia of U.S.-Latin American Relations, CQ Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc, Washington, 2012.

Newspapers:

• The Daily Record (Newspaper), Vol.3, No.18, October 19, 1953.

• The New York Times (Newspaper), No.8, September 11, 1954.