صورة الهند من خلال كتاب (نزهة المشتاق) للأدريسي وكتاب (رحلة ابن بطوطة) لأبن بطوطة
الشريط الجانبي للمقالة
محتوى المقالة الرئيسي
الملخص
يهدف البحث إلى بيان أبرز ما كتبه الجغرافيون والرحالة المغاربة وعلى رأسهم الادريسي وابن بطوطة عن الهند في القرنين السادس والثامن الهجريين/ الثاني عشر والرابع عشر الميلاديين، وقد تناول البحث أبرز ملامح المجتمع الهندي في تلك الفترة، فتناول في المبحث الأول الحديث عن جغرافية بلاد الهند، وذلك من خلال الحديث عن التضاريس والمناخ، وصفات السكان وطبيعتهم، ثم الحديث عن أبرز المدن الهندية، وفي المبحث الثاني تم التطرق للحياة السياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية، فتناول البحث الحديث عن الجانب السياسي والإداري في بلاد الهند، واشهر العادات والتقاليد التي سادت في المجتمع الهندي، وفي الختام استعرض الباحث ملامح الحياة الدينية والثقافية في بلاد الهند، مع التركيز على أشهر المعتقدات والطقوس وأبرز الفرق الدينية.
المقاييس
تفاصيل المقالة
هذا العمل مرخص بموجب Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
المراجع
First: the primary sources
- Ibn Battuta, Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Ibrahim
Masterpieces of the Exotic in the Strange Things and the Wonders of Travel, edited by Abd al-Hadi Tazi, (Rabat, 1997).
- Ibn Hawqal, Abu al-Qasim al-Nasibi
Earth Image, (Beirut, Maktab Al Hayat Publishing House, 1992).
- Ibn Khardathbeh, Abu al-Qasim Abdullah
Pathways and Kingdoms, (Egypt, Al-Muthanna Library, Baghdad, Dr. T(.
- Ibn Arabshah, Shihab al-Din Ahmad bin Abdullah
The Wonder of Al-Maqdur in the Timor News (Cairo, Ottoman Press, 1887).
- Abu Bakr Ahmad bin Muhammad Al-Hamdhani
The Compendium of the Book of Countries, (Lyon, Braille Press, 1302).
- Al-Astakhari, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim
Pathways and Kingdoms, edited by: Muhammad Jaber Abdel-Al, (Cairo, Dar Al-Qalam, 1961).
- Al-Idrisi, Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Mahmoud bin Abdullah bin Idris Al-Hamoudi Al-Husseini
The excursion of the yearn to penetrate the horizons,) d. N, Religious Beliefs Library, dt).
- Peruvian
Tafour’s Journey in the World of the 15th Century, Edited by Hassan Habashi, (Cairo, Dar Al Maaref, 1968).
- Al-Biruni, Abu Al-Rayhan Muhammad bin Ahmed
The realization of India's saying that is acceptable in reason or vilified, (India, Hyderabad Dark Press, 1958).
- Al-Hamwi, Shihab al-Din bin Abdullah
Mujam al-Buldan, (Beirut, Dar Sader, 1955).
- Al-Dimashqi, Shams al-Din bin Abdullah Muhammad bin Abi Talib al-Ansari
Eternal Elite in the Wonder of Land and Sea, (Petersburg, Imperial Academy Press, 1865).
- Al-Asqalani, Ahmed bin Ali bin Hajar
The pearls lurking in the notables of the Eight Hundred, (Hyderabad Al-Dakkan, Ottoman Encyclopedia, 1972)
- Al-Masoudi, Abu Al-Hassan Ali Bin Al-Hussein
Mourouj Al-Dhahab and Al-Jawhar Metals, edited by: Muhammad Mohi El-Din Abdel-Hamid, (Egypt, The Great Commercial Library, Part IV, Fourth Edition, 1964).
Morouj Al-Dahab and Al-Jawhar Metals, (Beirut, Dar Al-Andalus, 1981).
- Al-Maqdisi, Shams al-Din bin Abdullah Muhammad bin Ahmed bin Abi Bakr al-Bina al-Shami
The Best Shares in Knowledge of the Territories (Leiden, Braille Press, 1954).
- Al-Yaqoubi, Ahmed bin Abi Ya’qub bin Wahid
History of Al-Yaqoubi, (Beirut, Dar Sader, Dar Beirut, Part 2, 1960).
Second: - References are secondary
- Ahmed Shalaby
Encyclopedia of Islamic History and Islamic Civilization, (Cairo, Al-Nahda Library, 1980).
- Ignatius Krachovsky
History of Arab geographical literature, translated by: Salah al-Din Othman, (Cairo, Part 1, 1963).
- Al-Hasani, Abdel-Hay
Islamic Culture in India, (New Delhi, Ottoman Encyclopedia Press, second edition, 1972).
- Khan, Yusuf Hussain
The Education System in Medieval India (Journal of Culture of India, No. 2, 1961).
- Shaker Al-Dujaili authorized him
The House of Money, Its Origins and Development from the 1st Century Hegira, (Baghdad, Ministry of Endowments Press, 1976).
- Zaki, Hassan
Muslim Travelers in the Middle Ages, (Cairo, Dar Al Maaref, 1945).
- Ziadeh, Nicola
Geography and travels among the Arabs, (Beirut, The Lebanese Book House, 1962).
- Al-Sharqawi, Mahmoud
Ibn Battuta’s Journey from Tangiers to China (Iraq, Najaf Press, 1974).
- Tahtuh, Hussein Ali
Manifestations of Arab-Islamic culture in India, an unpublished master's thesis, (Mosul, University of Mosul, College of Arts, 1979).
- Abdul Rahman Hamdi
India, Its Beliefs and Myths, (Cairo, Dar Al Maaref, 1978).
- Owaida, Kamel Muhammad Muhammad
Buddha and Buddhist Philosophy, Media Series from Philosophy, (Beirut, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, 1994).
- Knon, Abdullah
Memories of Famous Men of Morocco: Ibn Battuta, (Rabat, ISESCO Publications, 1996).
- Keon, Damni
An Introduction to Buddhism, translated by Saad Eddin Kharfan, (Syria, Dar and Raslan Foundation for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, 2007).
- Mo'nis, Hussein
History of Geography and Geographers in Andalusia, (Cairo, Madbouly Library, second edition, 1986).
Third: - Magazines and periodicals
Al-Badawi, Amna Suleiman, Andalusian and Moroccan travelers and their travels from (Q3 AH. S9 AH) story and presentation, Studies, Human and Social Sciences, Volume 41, Issue 2, 2014.
Al-Mujaydil, Abdullah Shamat, India in the literature of Arab travelers, Arab Heritage Magazine, Arab Writers Union, Issues 148 and 149, Winter - Spring 2018.
رابعاً:- المراجع الأجنبية
Aziz Ahmad، Studies in Islamic Culture in Indian Environment, (Oxford -1964).
Gibb, H.: Rivew of Mahdi Husain, Rise&fall Mohammed Tughlugh J.R.C.A.S, Vol .26, (London- 1939).
Moreland, W.: H: Ashort History of India (Londod-1965).
Scott C. Levi: Hindus Beyond The Hindu Kush , Indians in the Central Asian Slave Trade , J.R.A.S., (2002) ,Vol ., 12 .