العلاقات بين ايران وألمانيا منذ بداية العهد البهلوي حتى نهاية الحرب العالمية الثانية (1925- 1945)

Abstract

The relations between Iran in the Qajar era and Germany began after the second half of the nineteenth century and developed after the emergence of Germany as a power on the international scene after its unification in 1871, when it became a prominent role in the political and economic scene in Iran. There were political, economic and military relations through military and commercial agreements which was transformed into reality and contributed directly to the emergence of Germany as a third power against Russian and British influence. After Reza Shah Pahlavi assumed power in Iran on December 15, 1925, he began his policy with his alliance with Germany with the aim of working to rebuild the country from the damage caused by World War I. He worked to consolidate economic, cultural and military relations between the two countries. Relations between Iran and Germany were divided into two parts. The first part extended from 1925 to 1933. This period was characterized by a crisis in relations between Iran and Germany. The second part extended from 1933 to 1939. Extensive relations arose between the two countries in all political, economic, and military fields. The last two years of Reza Shah’s rule coincided with the outbreak of World War II, which included the final part of the research. With the beginning of World War II, Reza Shah followed a somewhat slanting policy of neutrality toward Germany until the declaration of war on Iran by the Soviet Union, which occupied northern Iran, and Britain, which occupied southern Iran. The Soviet Union and Britain took control of the border areas in Iran and forced Reza Shah to abdicate in favor of his son, Crown Prince Mohammad Reza Shah. The new political reality of Iran at the beginning of Mohammad Reza Shah’s reign was the division of the country into spheres of influence between Britain and the Soviet Union. On January 29, 1942, Iran signed an alliance agreement with Britain and the Soviet Union, under which the country was controlled and Britain declared its legality in Iran. On September 9, 1943, as a result of pressure from the Allies, the Iranian government was forced and agreed to officially declare war against Germany under the pretext of German subversive activities.