Martha Washington and her Role in the United States of America’s Independence and Establishment (1731-1802AD)
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Abstract
Life’s circumstances and individual experiences teach people a lot about how to have a strong character with a high sense of determination and management. Being one of the important types pf personalities, a strong personality is featured by the ability to face crises and adapt them in a positive way without suffering from anything. Martha Washington's personality is a case study. During her life, she struggled to be active and creative, and thus support her husband in his darkest and most difficult circumstances.
It cannot be denied that the name of George Washington occupies a great place in the list of the most famous men in modern history in a sense that he is classified as one of the most important establishing figures of the United States of America. However, the matter is not limited to his role in changing the course of American history or the laws he enacted that contributed to drawing the features of the new state, but also to his wealthy wife, Martha Dandridge, who was able to stand by her husband and to be his moral, emotional and material support. she become the reason for his success and greatness.
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College of Education for Humanities, TIKRIT UNIVERSITY. THIS IS AN OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE UNDER THE CC BY LICENSE http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
References
(1) Hnery Wiencek, An imperfect God, George Washing, It Is Slaves and the Creation of America, Mamcillan, 2013, p.286.
(2) Helen Bryan , Martha Washington - First Lady of Liberty , Wiley , 2002 , p.26-27.
(3) David S. Shields and Fredrika J. Teute, The Republican Court and the Historiography of a Women's Domain in the Public Sphere, New York 2015, p. 179–183.
(4) Ibid, p. 184.
(5) Helen Bryah, Martha Washington - First Lady of Liberty Waily, 2002, p.425-432.
(6) David S. Shields and Fredrika J. Teute, Op, Cit., p. 184.
(7) Brigid Schuite, ''First Look at up Martha Wash imgton Less First Frump , More Foxy Ladys'' , the Washington post.1 February, 2009
(8) A feddan: is a unit of area measurement that is mostly used in Egypt and Sudan, and it is equivalent to 4200.83 square meters. Abdullah Pasha Fikri, The Intellectual Benefits of the Egyptian Offices, 4th Edition, Grand Amiri Press in Bulaq, Egypt, 1893, p. 15.
(9) Martha Dandridg Custis Washington , Gale Biography in Context , Detroit Gale , 2002.Blography in Context.web.15 oct.2015.
(10) George Washington: American politician and military, the first president of the United States of America and one of its founders, born on February 22, 1732 in Virginia (the oldest English colony in North America). American independence against the English (1775-1783 AD), was elected President of the United States in 1789 and lasted for two terms, that is, until 1797, then returned to his farm and died on January 14, 1799 at the age of 67 years. Paul Johnson, George Washington, the founding father, translated by: Muhammad Ibrahim Al-Sayed, Arabic words for translation and publishing, Cairo, 2009, pp. 44-45; Genevieve Foster, The Biography of George Washington, translated by: Amin Morsi Qandil, Anglo-Egyptian Library, d.T. Paul Johnson, the previous source, p. 45.
(11) Paul Johnson, previous source, p. 45.
(12) Juell Rod, Martha Washington & Slavery, Op. Cit,. p. 211.
(13) Ibid, p. 213.
(14) He used a drug that was diuretic and sexual stimulant, and was considered an aphrodisiac, but that did not produce anything, as he did not have children. Paul Johnson, the previous source, pg.
(15) Bernice.Marie yates , The Perfect Gentleman : The life and Letters of George Washington Custis lee . Fair Fax. Virginia , 2003, p.32-39.
(16) He used a drug that was diuretic and sexual stimulant, and was considered an aphrodisiac, but that did not produce anything, as he did not have children. Paul Johnson, previous source, pg.
(17)Bernice, op.cit., .p.39.
(18) See Appendix No. (1) Martha and her family.
(19) Genevieve Foster, previous source, pp. 43-44.
(20) He would always sit at his desk and write his diary by candlelight, remembering, for example, how he spent his day, how cloudy or clear the weather was, and he kept diaries of everything he did. Same source, p. 44, Paul Johnson, previous source, p. 45.
(21) Paul Johnson, previous source, p. 45.
(22) He was elected at the Second Continental Congress held on May 10, 1775 in Philadelphia, in which twelve out of the thirteen British colonies participated.
(23)ar.tristarhistory.org.
(24) For more details, see: Joe Zuban, John Custis of Williamsburg, 1678-1749 Virginia Journal of History and Biography New York 1982, p. 177-197 .
(25)Bernice, op.cit., .p.39.
(26) Nancy Loane, Women at the Valley Forge Encampment, Washington, D.C., 2009, p. 186.
(27) Ibid, p. 188.
(28) Treaty of Paris: A treaty signed between the United States of America and Great Britain in Paris on September 3, 1873, according to which the American War of Independence ended, and Britain recognized the independence of the thirteen American colonies, thus becoming the United States of America.
(29) www.emaratatyoum.com , Nada Al Zarooni, Martha Washington, wife of the most important supporter of the first American president.
(30) On America, The Constitution of the United States of America with Explanatory Notes, Office of Foreign Information Programs, US Department of State, p. 15.
(31) An American politician and statesman who held the position of the first vice president of the United States and then was elected in 1797 as the President of the United States of America. He is the second president after George Washington, one of the founding fathers of the United States. His presidential term expired in 1801, he died on July 4, 1826 AD. (32) There are sources that mention that the period between the announcement of the election results and their ratification was 57 days.
(33) See Appendix No. (2) a document indicating the arrival of Martha with her husband to New York.
(34) Nada Al-Zarouni, Martha Washington, previous source.
(35) Taha Abdel Nasser Ramadan, This is how the inauguration ceremony of the first president of the United States took place, research published on January 16, 2021. http://www.alarabiya.net.
(36) It is nice that the organizers of the inauguration ceremony of the first American president (George Washington) had forgotten to bring the Bible that was intended for taking the oath, and for this they searched for the nearest Bible and put his hand and swore on it, and when he reached the position of president, only a tooth remained in his mouth One because he used his teeth to peel walnuts. Matt Doyden, George Washington, Leading a New Nation, translation: Publishing and Translation Department, Nahdet Misr Publishing House, Giza, 2012, p. 29; celeb.true.com.
(37) Taha Abdel Nasser Ramadan, the previous source.
(38) Taha Abdel Nasser Ramadan, the previous source; celeb.true.com.
(39) Phlebotomy: It is a method of withdrawing and removing blood from the body by surgically cutting the vein to treat many ailments and diseases.
(40) Matt Dowden, previous source, p.
(41) George Washington was afraid to be buried alive, because he was convinced that others throughout history had been buried alive, and ordered that his body not be buried for three days after his death as a precaution. Report on the first president of the United States, George Washington, arabicpost.net.
(42) Five months before the death of George Washington, i.e. in July 1799, he wrote his will, in which he stipulated the release of his slaves.
(43) Taha Abdel Nasser Ramadan, the previous source.
(44) Genevieve Foster, previous source, p. 83.
(45) His attitude was changed on the question of slavery, uncomfortable with the institution of slavery which was at that time ingrained in the social and economic fabric, especially in the colony of Virginia, yet he owned many slaves.
(46) It was the desire of Oni or Ona, as she preferred to call herself, to live free, to live where she wanted, and to learn to read and write.
(47) Report on the First President of the United States, George Washington, previous source.
(48) Richard Proud, Why did Martha Washington destroy her correspondence with George? www.Quora.com. Annex No. (4) looks at one of the letters exchanged between George Washington and his wife Martha.
(49) Paul Johnson, George Washington, the founding father, translated by: Muhammad Ibrahim Al-Sayed, Arabic words for translation and publishing, Cairo, 2009, p. 39.
(50) Matt Dowden, previous source, p. 28.
(51) Paul Johnson, the previous source, p. 39.
(52) Mercedes R Lucky, How did Martha Washington come up with the American flag? Is she the creator, the only one for its meaning and symbolism www.Quora.com.
(53)ar.celeb.true.com.
(45) See Appendix No. (4) for a copy of the stamp.
(55)See Appendix No. (5) a picture of Martha Washington on a Virginia coin.
(56)See Appendix No. (6) a photo of their graves, Martha Washington, the first lady of America. ar.socmedarch.org , www.greelone.com.