A Pragmatic Study of Racial Hate Speech
Main Article Content
Abstract
There has been an increasing interest in hate speech due to its impact on both individuals and societies. The term 'hate speech' covers expressions in any form deemed humiliating to any race, religion, ethnic or national group. Hate speech is connected to the freedom of expression , advocacy of hatred and incitement of violence. Thus, it has to be understood in the different contexts in which it occurs. The present study deals with racial hate speech. The main aim of this study is to identify the speech acts employed in articles published in a Rwandan newspaper called Kangura. In order to carry out a pragmatic analysis of racial hate speech, seven extracts have been chosen. The main conclusions arrived at is that directives are the most common ones used in the dissemination of racial hate speech and indirect speech acts outnumber the direct ones.
Metrics
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Benesch, S. (2012) "Dangerous Speech: A Proposal to Prevent Group Violence" , Voices that Poison: Dangerous Speech Project " World Policy Institute. New York. Online available at no2 http://www.worldwide.policy.org/
Berson, I and Matheson, A. (1993) Australian Perspectives: Racism, 2nd, Hawker Bronlow Education: Victoria.
Boeckman, R. J. and Turpin-Petrosino, C. (2002) "Understanding the Harm of Hate Crime", Journal of Social Issues, Vol. (58), No.2, PP.207-225.
Cohen-Almagor , R. (2011) "Fighting Hate and Bigotry on the Internet", Policy and Internet: Vol.3, Iss. 3, Article 6, PP. 1-26.
Council of Europe Committee of Ministers (1997). Recommendation No. R. (97).www.coe.rut/t/standing/internet.doc.cm
Finch, G. (2005) Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics. 2nd edn. London: Palgrave McMillan.
Gagliardone, I, Gal, D. Alves, T. and Martinez, G. (2015) Countering Online Hate Speec. Paris: Published by UNESCO. ISSN: 97892-3100105-5.
Huang (2007) Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. (ICTY). (2003) The Prosecutor Vs Nahimana et al Judgment and Sentence.
Jakubowicz , A. Goodall, H. Martiner, J., Mitchell, T. Randal, L. and Senerierahte, K. (1994) Racism, Ethnicity and the Media. Allen and Unwin Pty Ltd.
Jayasuriya, L. (1999). Racism Immigration and the Law: The Australian Expertise, The University of Western Australia. School of Social Work and Social Administration, Nedlands.
Law, L. (2010) Racism and Ethnicity: Global Debate, Dilemma, Directions. Essex: Pearson.
Mey, J. (2001). Pragmatics: An Introduction. 2nd Edition. Malen: Blackwell.
Neisser, E. (1994) "Hate Speech in South Africa" Constitutional Consideration for a Land Recovering from Decades of Rational Repression and Violence", South African Journal of Human Rights, 10, PP: 333-356.
Platt, (2008) "Race and Social Welfare" in Alock, P. , May, M. and Rouligson (K) (Eds.) The Students Companion to Social Policy, 3rd Edition: Oxford: Blackwell. PP. 369-377.
Saeed, J. (1997) Semantics. Oxford: Blackwell.
Schwartzman,L. H. (2002) "Hate Speech, Illocution and Social Context, A Critique of Judith Butler. Journal of Social Philosophy, Vol. 33, No.3, PP. 421-441.
Scutari, J. (2012) ''Hate Speech and Group-targetted Violence. The Role of Spanish in Violent Conflicts" United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Searle, J (1975). "Indirect Speech Acts" in Cole and Morgan (eds.) Syntax and Semantics Vol.3 Speech Acts, New York: Academic Press. PP. 59-82.
_____________ (1979) Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
The United Nations Conversion on Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.
Thomas, J. (1983) Meaning in Interaction :An Introduction to Pragmatics. London : Longman Group Limited.
UNESCO, (2015) Countering Online Hate Speech.
Weber, A. (2009) Manual of Hate Speech. Strasburg: Council of Europe Publication.