الجاسوسية في عهد السلطان العثماني عبدالحميد الثاني 1876-1909م: دراسة وثائقية

Abstract

Despite the many problems that the Ottoman Empire faced during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II 1876-1909 AD, especially in the military, political and economic aspects, Sultan Abdul Hamid II tried in every way to overcome these problems, especially European ambitions for state property, not to mention the many nationalist rebellions in the various Ottoman states, and the emergence of the establishment of national secret societies that began working to spread ideas of liberation and independence from the Ottoman state. One of the old methods that was reactivated again during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II was to rely on espionage work to access important information to confront these military challenges. The aim of activating the intelligence and secret police in the Ottoman forces is to collect information to confront the enemies of the countries internally and externally. Accordingly, the Ottoman Empire during that period began to recruit dozens of people to work as spies or secret informants. The beginning of the matter in recruiting these spies was to rely on non-Muslim elements in collecting information and later turning to Muslim and Arab elements to work in that field, On this basis, the study attempts to access new information, through unpublished Ottoman documents, to reveal the work of spies in the Ottoman Empire, especially during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II, and how the Ottoman Empire dealt with recruiting these figures to obtain information related to the security of the state, the movements of its enemies, and the plans being hatched against it inside and outside.