The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Maghreb's al-Aqsa Independence case 1945-1956
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Abstract
The issue of the independence of Morocco is one of the most important issues that Saudi Arabia has given special attention to other issues of the Maghreb, based on the Arab and international status it enjoyed during that period.
The study deals with political and material support provided by Saudi Arabia to this issue in Arab and international forums. Saudi Arabia has contributed with the Arab and Islamic countries to support the issue of the independence of Marrakesh in the League of Arab States and the United Nations. As well as Saudi Arabia's adoption of this issue even within the framework of its relations with the major powers, especially with the United States, which reflected the seriousness in supporting the Marrakesh struggle against French and Spanish colonialism.
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References
First: Unpublished documents:
• Iraqi documents:
- House of Books and Archives in Baghdad (D.K.W), files of the royal court, file number 2670/311, report of the Iraqi commission in Cairo to the Iraqi Ministry of Foreign Affairs, developments in the Marrakesh case, No. 492/9/8, on August 13 1951, Document 26.
- 2653/311, Report of the Iraqi Commission in Damascus to the Presidency of the Royal Court, No .: 5283, on 3/2/1951, Document 47.
- 4688/311, Report of the Iraqi Commission in Cairo to the Iraqi Ministry of Foreign Affairs on October 13, 1951, Document 7.
- 2668/311, Report of the Iraqi Royal Commission in Jeddah to the Iraqi Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Baghdad, No. / 103/2/1 of November 2, 1951, Document 31.
- 4818/311, Report of the Iraqi Commission in Jeddah to the Iraqi Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Development of the Marrakesh Case, No. 11/28139, on September 3, 1953, Document 41.
• American documents:
• Conversions with the Minster Faisal Bin Abdu-AlAziz in Washington , in: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952–1954, The Near and Middle East, Volume IX, 25th November, 1952.
Second: published documents:
- The League of Arab States, a collection of records and decisions related to the sessions of the third ordinary session of the Council of the League of Arab States, for the year 1946, Cairo, April 13, 1946.
- The League of Arab States, Secretarial Department, Group of Arab League Council Resolutions, C1, from the first session June 4, 1945 until the twenty-third session, March 7, 1955, Resolution: 17 on 3/17/1951.
- The League of Arab States, Secretarial Department, Group of Arab League Council Resolutions, C1, from the first session June 4, 1945 until the twenty-third session, March 7, 1955, Resolution: 11 on 11/3/1951.
- The League of Arab States, Minutes of the Sessions of the Twelfth Regular Meeting of the League Council, Resolution No. (709), Cairo, January 5, 1952.
- The League of Arab States, Group of Arab League Council Resolutions, Resolution 585, Sessions of the Nineteenth Session, September 7, 1953.
- The League of Arab States, Secretarial Department, Group of Arab League Council Resolutions, C1, from the first session June 4, 1945 until the twenty-third session, March 7, 1955, Resolution: 17 on December 4, 1954.
- The League of Arab States, Collection of Minutes and Resolutions for the Eighteenth Session of 1953, May 2, 1953.
Third: Theses:
- Ibtisam Saud Oreibi, Abdul Rahman Azzam and his political and intellectual role until 1945, an unpublished master's thesis, University of Baghdad, College of Education for Girls, 2005.
- Ahmad Mazhar Al-Hilali, Abdul Rahman Azzam and his political role in the League of Arab States 1945-1952, Master Thesis, University of Babylon, College of Education for Human Sciences, 2017.
- Dhamia Aziz Munawer, Maghreb Office in Cairo 1947-1956, unpublished MA Thesis, College of Education (Ibn Al-Rushd), University of Baghdad, 2007.
- Aisha Boussaha and Nawara Rahal, The Resistance of Muhammad bin Abdul Karim Al-Khattabi in Morocco 1921-1963, Unpublished Master Thesis, University of May 8, 1945 Guelma, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2015-2016.
- Abd al-Jalil Muzal Bunyan al-Saadi, King Mohammed V and his political role in the Far Maghreb until 1961, unpublished MA thesis, Al-Mustansiriya University, College of Education, 2003.
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Fourth: Books:
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- Mohamed Maleki, National Movements in the Maghreb and Colonialism, Beirut, 2001.
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- Hafez Wahba, fifty years old in the Arabian Peninsula, 1st floor, Cairo, 2001.
- Khairy Hammad, Our Cases in the United Nations, 1st Edition, Beirut, 1962.
- Douglas I. Ashford, Political Developments in the Kingdom of Morocco, translated by: Aida Suleiman Aref and Ahmed Mustafa Abu Hakima, Beirut, 1963.
- Rom Landau, The History of Morocco in the Twentieth Century, translated by: Nicolas Ziadeh, Revision by: Anis Freiha, Beirut, 1963.
- Zahia Kaddoura, Modern History of the Arabs, Beirut, 1975.
- Salman bin Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Document and Truth, History of King Saud 1902-1969, 1st ed., C1, Beirut, 2005.
- Samir Amin, Modern Maghreb, translation: Camille Dagher, Algeria, 1981.
- Salah Al-Akkad, Contemporary Libya, Cairo, 1970.
- Abdulaziz Hussain Al-Sweigh, Islam in Saudi foreign policy, Riyadh, 1414 AH / 1994.
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- Allal Al-Fassi, Independence Movements in the Maghreb, Marrakesh, 1948.
- Ghassan Salameh, Saudi foreign policy since 1945, Beirut, 1982.
- Muhammad Al-Alami, Muhammad Ibn Yusuf or the History of Morocco's Independence, Casablanca, 1975.
- Mohamed Ibn Azouz Hakim, Documents of the National Movement in Northern Morocco, Tetouan, 1981.
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- Moulay Tayeb Alaoui, The Political History of Morocco in the French Era 1896-1964, Revision: Ahmed Al Alawi, Casablanca, 2009
- Noureddine Hatoum, Issues of Our Time Since 1945, Damascus, 1972.
Fifth: Scientific Research:
- Abdul Karim Karim, “The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the Moroccan Memory (1348 AH / 1930 CE 1365 AH / 1946 CE)”, Journal of Arab History, No. (31), United Arab Emirates, 2004.
- Fadia Abdelaziz Al-Qatani, “The Moroccan National Movement 1912-1937”, The University Journal, Maj (1), P (16), Benghazi, 2014.
- Fahd Abbas Suleiman Al-Sabawi, “The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s Position on the Algerian Case 1954-1962,” Al-Maarif Journal for Research and Historical Studies, p (3), University of the Martyr Hama Lakhdar Al-Wadi, November, 2015
- Latifa Al-Kandooz, “Saudi-Moroccan Relations during the Era of King Faisal bin Abdulaziz”, King Abdulaziz House Journal, p (2), year (34), Riyadh, 2009.
- Muhammad Ibn Abboud and Jacques Kaby, “The Arab Maghreb Conference in 1947 and the Beginning of the Maghreb Activity in Cairo,” The Moroccan Historical Review, Issues (25-26), Casablanca, June 1982.
Sixth: Scientific Conferences:
- “The Moroccan Resistance against Colonialism 1904-1955 Roots and Manifestations”, research presented to the scientific symposium held by Ibn Zahr University, Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences, Agadir, on November 13-15, 1991.
- Jamil bin Mahmoud Mardad, “Saudi-Maghreb relations, a geographical disconnect and a civilizational connection,” in his book: Relations between the Gulf States and the Maghreb Countries, Reality and the Future, the proceedings of the international conference held in Tunis in March 2003.
- Abdul Wahab bin Mansour, “The echo of the Saudi reform movement in Morocco and the position of its authority and scholars towards it,” researches of the scientific symposium at the Conference of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in a Hundred Years, Riyadh, 1419 AH / 1999AD.
- Othman bin Yassin Al-Rawaf, “Arabism, Islam and the Kingdom’s Position on Arab and Islamic Solidarity Issues”, Researches at the Conference of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in a Hundred Years, King Abdulaziz House, Riyadh, 2007.
Seventh: Newspapers:
- Umm Al-Qura Saudi Newspaper, No. (1046), March 16, 1945.
- No. (1110), June 7, 1946.
- No. (1208), April 30, 1948.
- No. (1346), January 19, 1951.
- No. (1349), February 9, 1951.
- No. (1353), March 12, 1951.
- No. (1377), August 31, 1951.
- No. (1455), March 13, 1953.
- No. (1352), March 2, 1951.
- No. (1396), January 18, 1952.
- No. (1478), 28 August 1953.
- No. (1562), April 22, 1955.
- No. (1568), June 10, 1955.
- No. (1612), April 13, 1956.
- No. (1655), February 22, 1957.
- Al-Ahram(Egypt )Newspaper, No. (14530), January 17, 1954.
- No. (14739), August 19, 1954.
- Al-Bilad Saudi Newspaper, No. (2139), April 23, 1956.
- Al-Zaman (Iraq) Newspaper, No. (5505), December 4, 1955.
- Al-Sharq Al-Awsat Newspaper (Saudi Arabia), No. 9652, May 2, 2005.