Salib Sami: An Egyptian politician, born in Cairo in 1885, belongs to a Coptic family, completed his primary education at Damanhur School in 1896, and studied law at the Khedive Law School, began practicing law In 1905, had a role In the 1919 revolution, participated in a committee Preparation of the Egyptian constitution in 1923, he held many administrative positions, in addition to assuming a number of ministerial periods, the most important of which were the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1933, Minister of War In 1934, and Minister of Supply in 1940, In addition to holding the position of Minister of Industry and Trade several times, he retired from political work After the events of the July 23 revolution In 1952, he died In 1958. For more details, see: Sami Cross, Memories of Sami Cross 1891-1952, investigation: Sami Abu Al-Nour, Madbouly Library, Cairo, 1999

. Haile Selassie: He Is Teferi Ras Ma Konen, born in 1892. He was from the family of the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik II who ruled Ethiopia until 1913. His father was the ruler of the Harari region and an officer in the first Italian-Italian war. He played a major role in the battle of his enemy, and It was a nation From a noble family from the Muslim family of Abu Jaafar, and his son is the ruler of the Wulu region, he assumed the throne after the death of the Crown Prince in 1930, and he called himself Haile Selassie, he was very religious and fanatic of the Christian religion, he received his education from specialized teachers, and he completed his studies in Addis Ababa, he witnessed the Italian occupation For Abyssinia, who extended its control over all Ethiopian lands in 1935, and after Mussolini announced the annexation of Ethiopia to Italy, Haile Selassie left and sought refuge In Europe, calling on the League of Nations to support him in restoring his throne. The Ethiopian army, after a long rule. For more details, see: Asima Jano, Personalities That Made History, Encyclopedia of a Thousand Years, Dar Al-Maarif, Cairo, (Dr. T), Part 2, p. 274; Abdullah Hussein, The Abyssinian Question, Hindawi Foundation for Education and Culture, Cairo, 2012, p. 20; Zainab Nayef Ahmed Al-Alusi, The Italian Influence in the Horn of Africa 1936-1941, Master Thesis (unpublished), College of Education for Girls, University of Baghdad, 2004, p. 56; Ahmed Tahseen Danoun and Ahmed Hussein Abd, Egypt's position on the Somali-Ethiopian conflict 1964, Volume (12), Issue (40), Al-Farahidi Magazine, College of Arts, University of Tikrit 2020, p. 171

. Anba Yusab II (1876-1956): Patriarch No. 115, became a monk In the Monastery of St. Anthony in 1895, was chosen as the head of the Jaffa Monastery In Palestine in 1905, and head of the Coptic monasteries in Jerusalem in 1912, and was chosen as Metropolitan of the Arbashiyyah of Gerga and Akhmim in 1920. He traveled to Athens To study theology and history, he participated in the coronation of the Emperor of Ethiopia In 1930, and he was among the Egyptian mission. After the death of Pope Makarios III, he was appointed patriarch in 1946, in the name of Yusab II. For more details: see Anthony the Antony, The Patriotism of the Coptic Church and its History after the Patriarchs and Apostles until the British Mandate of Egypt from 1500 to 1882, 2nd Edition, Dar Al-Maarif, Cairo, (D.T), pp. 445_446.

National Documents House, Abdeen Governor, Portfolio No. 595, September 21, 1930.

The Nile Scarf: a necklace of pure gold, which is the highest degree of honor In Egypt. It is granted to heads of state and distinguished dignitaries, who have made great sacrifices in order to raise the word of the country. Which the Nile River brings to the country, according to their belief, and between each one and the other are golden flowers, and all of them are encrusted with enamel of lobes of red sapphire and blue turquoise. For more details, see: Khalil Askar Abdullah Omari, Hafez Ismail and his political role in Egypt until 1979, master's thesis (unpublished), College of Education, University of Tikrit, 2019, p. 20.

Menelik II (1889-1913): His real name Is Sahla Mariam, and he Is considered one of the most prominent emperors of Abyssinia. He is considered a seasoned and first-class politician. He sought to make his country more developed and prosperous and to reform internal conditions. He issued a decree abolishing slavery, introducing the telegraph, paving roads, and granting French companies concessions to build a railway between Djibouti and Addis Ababa, as well as completing the establishment of the Imperial Abyssinian Railway Company. He died in 1913, after being paralyzed and bedridden for more than five years. For more details, see: Mumtaz Al-Arif, Al-Ahbash between Marib and Axum, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, Beirut 1975, p. 215

. Public Archives, Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate, File No. 1760B, February 17, 1930.

Public Archives, Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate, File No. B1727, September 24, 1930.

Sami Cross, Memories of a Sami Cross, p. 161

Adel Ibrahim Al-Taweel, Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim and his role in political life, the Egyptian General Book Authority, (D.T), 2000, p. 91; Al-Ahram Newspaper 31530, May 4, 1973, p. 3.

Ismail Sidqi: An Egyptian politician and statesman, born on June 15, 1875 in Alexandria. His father, Ahmed Shukri Pasha, was one of the senior administration officials during the reigns of Khedive Ismail and Tawfiq. He was appointed head of the Alexandria Prosecution, then assumed the position of Secretary General of the Interior Ministry in 1908, and became its agent In 1910. He was appointed as Superintendent of Agriculture in February 1914, in the Ministry of Hussein Rushdie. He joined the Egyptian delegation, then he defected due to his differences with Saad Zaghloul. Its beginning was in 1930, he died on July 5, 1950. For more details, see: Mazen Mahdi Abd al-Rahman al-Shammari, Ismail Sidqi and his role In Egyptian politics 1875-1950, master's thesis (unpublished), College of Education, Ibn Rushd, University of Baghdad, 2005, p. 20.

The Badari case: It is the killing of the warden of the Badari center (Yusuf al-Shafi’i), who was the son of one of the mayors of Dakahlia, and because his mother was French, they called him Joseph, and the people of the countryside called him Yusuf in 1932, and It became clear in the investigation that the reason for the killing was his commission Incidents of torture with some individuals, which prompted two of them to kill him in retaliation for him, and they were tried before the Assiut court, so the first of them was sentenced to death and the second to life hard labor. 1932 that the policemen committed evils that were described by criminals among criminals. For more details, see: Maysoon Fayyad Tharb Al-Abadi, Ali Maher and his role In Egyptian politics, MA thesis (unpublished), Ibn Rushd College of Education, University of Baghdad, 2005, p. 105

(D.K.W), Royal Court Files, Serial No. 725/311; Iraqi Royal Commission in Cairo July 4, 1933, Document No. 19; Abd al-Rahman al-Rafi’I, In the Aftermath of the Egyptian Revolution of 1919, 3rd edition, Dar al-Ma’arif, Cairo, 1988, Part 2, p. 177; Jaafar Abbas Hamidi, Political Developments in Egypt in the Documents of the Iraqi Representations in Cairo 1930-1942, House of Wisdom, Baghdad, 2002, p. 125.

Abdel-Azim Ramadan, The Development of the National Movement in Egypt 1918-1936, The Egyptian General Book Organization, Cairo, 1999, p. 761.

Younan Labib Rizk, History of the Egyptian Ministries 1878-1953, Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, Historical Documents and Research Unit, Cairo, 1975, p. 362

. Al-Balagh Newspaper, Issue 3835, June 2, 193; The Arab Historian Magazine, Issue (36), 14, 1988, p. 95.

Quoting: Mohsen Muhammad, When the King Dies: Pages from the History of Egypt with Secret British and American Documents, Dar Al-Taawun for Printing and Publishing, Cairo, 1981, p. 15

. Abdel Azim Ramadan, Egypt before Abdel Nasser, The Egyptian General Book Organization, Cairo, 1995, p. 217.

Abd al-Khaliq Hassouna: An Egyptian politician, born in Cairo on October 28, 1898, graduated from the Khedivial Law School In 1929, was sent on a mission to Britain, and obtained a university degree from Cambridge University in 1925. After his return, he was appointed as an attache to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1926, returned He went to Britain and obtained a master’s degree from the same university In 1929. He accompanied Abd al-Fattah Yahya on a tour in the Balkans In 1939. He held the position of Undersecretary of the Ministry of Social Affairs in 1942. He was appointed Undersecretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1948. He was appointed Minister of Education in the Ministry of Ali Maher In 1952. For more details, see

USNA,ConfidentialInformation,DOS774.5212-453,US.POLAD,Trieste, Feb.4,1953.

Al-Ahram Newspaper, Issue 17949, December 25, 1934, p. 7

. Sami Cross, Memories of a Sami Cross, p. 174.

Al-Difaa Newspaper, Issue 1679, November 17, 1940, p. 5.

The Abyssinian crisis developed when Italy moved its forces from Eritrea against Abyssinia on November 2, 1935. The Egyptian public opinion was sympathetic to the Abyssinians, although Egypt was not a member of the League of Nations, but It accepted to participate in the sanctions Imposed on Italy, on the basis of Abyssinia has been a member of the International Organization since 1925, and the strange thing Is that Abyssinia’s accession to the League was an Italian Initiative, because it hindered the expected British control over it, while Britain, on its part, protested that Abyssinia was so barbaric that it was not allowed to join the League. The civilized organization in Geneva, and both Britain and France recognized Abyssinia as an area of Italian interests, in exchange for Italy condoning French influence in North Africa and British influence In Egypt. For more details, see: Brother Taylor, The Origins of World War II, translated by: Mustafa Kamal Khamis, The Egyptian General Book Organization, Cairo, 1990, p. 111; Al-Ahram Newspaper, Issue 18288, November 8, 1935; Ragab Haraz, Italian Expansion in East Africa and the Establishment of the Colonies of Eritrea and Somalia, Cairo, 1960, p. 53.

Sami Salib, Memories of Salib, p. 175.

(D.K.W.) Royal Court Files, Serial 725/113, Iraqi Royal Commission in Cairo, September 13, 1933, Document No. 24, p. 125.

Al Musawwar Newspaper, Issue 837, November 25, 1940, p. 4.

The absence of Ismail Sidqi abroad left a negative impact on the ministry, and opened the way for the palace to interfere in it’s affairs in a blatant manner. Otherwise, if he was present in Cairo, things would have gone In a different way. Examples of palace interference include the exorbitant expenses that were spent on the yacht. Royal, and the financial funds allocated for the establishment of the Great Hall in the Egyptian University, despite the global financial crisis. For more details, see: Muhammad Diaa al-Din al-Rayyis, The Constitution, Independence, and the National Revolution 1935, Al-Shaab Publications, 1975, p. 179.

Marwa Salman Hassan, Muhammad Hussein Heikal and his role in Egyptian politics until 1956, MA thesis (unpublished), College of Education for Girls, University of Baghdad, 2017, p. 164.

Percy Lorraine: A British politician, born In 1880, in London, completed his education at Dayton School, graduated from Oxford University, participated in the Boer War 1899-1902, entered the diplomatic service in 1904, participated In the Peace Conference in 1919, and was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary in Persia between the years (1912-1926), then Minister Plenipotentiary in Greece for the period (1926-1929), and a high commissioner in Egypt In 1929, and he was appointed ambassador to Turkey. For more details see:

The New Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol.2, p.88.

Miles Lampson: British politician, born In 1880, entered the diplomatic corps in 1903, then was appointed secretary of his country’s mission to Japan in 1906, then secretary to the British Embassy in Tokyo 1908_1910, then in Sofia 1911, secretary in Beijing 1916, and minister plenipotentiary in China 1926, then appointed High Commissioner in Cairo 1934, his role In the Egyptian-British negotiations with the 1936 Treaty, then appointed Royal Adviser in 1941, and granted the rank of Lordship 1943, appointed Resident Minister in Southeast Asia, then appointed to the House of Lords. For more details see:

The New Encyclopedia Britannica, vol15, 1970, p.1134.

Sami Abu Al-Nour, The Role of the Palace In Political Life in Egypt 1922_1936, 2nd edition, Madbouly Bookshop, Cairo, 1996, p. 177; Muhammad Ahmed Farghali, I lived my life among these, Al-Ahram Commercial Press, Cairo, 1984, p. 54

. Abd al-Fattah Yahya: An Egyptian politician born in Alexandria. His father, Ahmed Yahya, was one of the senior statesmen, and a prominent supporter of the Wafd Party since Its founding. He studied law and fluctuated in the functions of law. He joined the People’s Party in 1930 and was elected as its representative, then he was appointed Minister of the Haqqaniyyah In Ismail Sidqi’s ministry, and he resigned from it In January 1933, following the torture scandals, including the Badari incident. He assumed the premiership on September 27, 1933, and during his reign, he enacted the special tradition that requires ministers to take the oath of allegiance to the king and the homeland. For more details, see: Alaa Jaber Taher Qais al-Nasrallah, Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha and his political role in Egypt (1878-1941), master's thesis (unpublished), College of Arts, Dhi Qar University, 2016, p. 121.

People's Party: A political party, founded by Ismail Sidqi In November 1930, to support his ministry, and that party was a supporter of the palace, and when he lost his position as prime minister, he also lost the position of party leadership, and Muhammad Helmy, who was a member of the Union Party, became Its president when it united The two parties are under his leadership. For more details, see: Joan Fustri King, A Dictionary of Egypt's History from the Arab Conquest to the End of the Sadat Era, translated by: Othman Ali Al-Shahawi, reviewed by Asim Al-Desouki, (D.M), 2003, p. 355.

Ahmed Zakaria Al Shalaq, previous source, p. 388.

(D.K.W), Royal Court Files, Serial No. 257/311, Iraqi Royal Commission in Cairo, January 4, 1933, Document No. 24, p. 251; Jaafar Abbas Hamidi, previous source, p. 140

. Marcel Colomb, The Development of Egypt 1924_1950, translated by: Zuhair Al-Shayeb, presented by: Ahmed Abdel-Rahim Mustafa, (Dr. T), (Dr. M), p. 72; Jaafar Abbas Hamidi, previous source, p. 191.

King Fouad wanted the ministers to take an oath of his own In his hands, in which the king takes precedence over the homeland in that the constitution gives precedence to the homeland over the king in its formulas of the constitutional oath, so a decree was issued on January 27, 1934, Its first article stipulates that before the ministers assume their work They swear an oath, loyalty, and fidelity to the king and the country, and to be obedient to the laws of the country, and to perform their deeds with integrity and honesty. For more details, see: Jaafar Abbas Hamidi, previous source, p. 146; Muhammad Diaa al-Din al-Rayyis, The Constitution, Independence, and the National Revolution 1935, People's Publications, 1975, p. 183

. Sami Abu Al-Nour, The Role of the Palace In Political Life, p. 179; Ahmed Zakaria Al Shalaq, previous source, p. 389.

Sir Lee Stack (1868_1924): Lee Oliver FitzMaurice Stack, a British politician and one of the British defense employees, worked in India, then on the staff of the British High Commissioner on the island of Crete In 1899, entered the Egyptian army and was appointed as a delegate to the government of Sudan, then director of intelligence In 1918, then Sardar of the Egyptian army and Governor-General of Sudan for the period (1917_1919), he was assassinated on November 19, 1924, during the reign of Saad Zaghloul's ministry when he was returning from a library in the Ministry of War near the headquarters of Qasr al-Aini in Cairo, he was shot by a group of elements The patriotism supported by the Abdel Fattah Inayat Association, and as a result of the Incident, Britain presented several demands, including: the unity of the Egyptian army and a fine of half a million pounds to the British government, and Saad Zaghloul’s resignation was submitted on the impact of those demands, and their failure to implement them, and the Ministry of Ahmed Zayour took over the reins of power, which was accepted All demands made by the British government. For more details, see: Abdel-Azim Ramadan, The Position of the Egyptian Army in the 1919 Revolution, Al-Seyassah Al-Dawlia Magazine, Cairo, Issue (31), January 1973, pp. 107_108; Diaa al-Din Hassan al-Qadi, Encyclopedia of the History of Port Said, 1st Edition, The Egyptian General Book Organization, Cairo, 2015, Part 2, p. 35;

The New Encycolpedia Britannica, vol.13, p.114.

Khalaf Abdel-Azim Al-Miri, The Egyptian Al-Waqae’a Channel, the date of entry to the channel’s website, June 25, 2022.

Sami Cross, Memories of a Sami Cross, p. 181. Abd al-Rahman al-Rafi’I, In the Aftermath of the Revolution, Part 1, pg. 188_189

. The Egyptian government was importing horses from Argentina to meet the needs of the army, which was the prerogative of the Ministry of War. The mechanism that was based on importing those horses was wholesale, and the price of one horse varied in value, and it was customary for every new batch of horses to be received by senior officers. The army chooses one or two horses, and pays the price of the horse according to the unified price, and when Spex chooses two horses to buy, and it was found that the minister did not agree to his behavior, so that incident was the reason for the dispute between the minister and the inspector general in the Egyptian army. By sending the two horses to Sphinx, the case was resolved by mutual consent. For more details, see: Sami Cross, Memories of a Sami Cross, p. 184

. The reasons for the misunderstanding between Abd al-Fattah Yahya, the Prime Minister and the High Commissioner, are due to the fact that there was great fear on the part of Britain regarding the possibility of the sudden death of King Fuad, and that Zaki al-Ibrashi, the headmaster of the royal family, who had enmity with the British side, had to perform some maneuvers that Lead to more obstacles in front of British policy In Egypt, and the House of the High Commissioner had vital demands, including knowledge of the Trusteeship Council, which consisted of three people: Prince Muhammad Ali Tawfiq Ibn Khedive Tawfiq, Tawfiq Nasim Pasha, and Sheikh Al-Maraghi, Sheikh of Al-Azhar, and it was not a ministry The British Foreign Ministry determines the work and actions of the Acting High Commissioner, and Peterson, the Acting High Commissioner, started seeking to meet Abdel Fattah Yahya to find out the names of the guardians, but the Prime Minister refrained from what was a cause for Peterson's discontent with the ministry and his insistence on its resignation, and that Is what happened, as he left the formation The new ministry, Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim. For more details, see:

Jaafar Abbas Hamidi, the previous source, p. 173, Muhammad Shafiq Ghorbal, The History of the Egyptian-British Negotiations 1882-1936, 1st Edition, Al-Nahda Al-Masria Bookshop, Cairo, 1952, p. 264.

Lampson_Simon, May, 12, 1934, No.P. 43.

Abdel-Azim Ramadan, The Egyptian Army in Politics, 1982_1936 Historical Study, The Egyptian General Book Organization, 1977, p. 315; Musawwar Newspaper, Issue (410), August 19, 1934

. Tayseer Abu Arjah, Mokattam Newspaper of the British Occupation In Egypt, the Egyptian General Book Organization, 1997, p. 307

. Sami Cross, Memories of Sami Cross, p. 211; Al-Musawwar Newspaper, Issue (417), October 7, 1934, p. 4.

Hafez Ramadan: An Egyptian politician, born in Cairo in 1881, graduated from the Faculty of Law In 1904, worked as a lawyer, published Al-Liwaa Al-Masry newspaper in 1921, was appointed head of the National Party in 1926, then Minister of Social Affairs in 1947, died In 1955. More For details, see: Khair al-Din al-Zarkali, Al-Alam, Dictionary and Biographies of the Most Famous Arab, Arabist, and Orientalist Men and Women, Dar al-Ilm for Millions, Beirut, 1999, Part 6, p. 78

. The National Party: The party was established for the first time on October 22, 1907 in Alexandria, headed by Mustafa Kamel. To be the mouthpiece of the party, which called for a demand for the constitution, and the most dangerous in the West after the authorities to secret work, and among the most famous founder of the party was Muhammad Farid, who was famous for giving speeches and calling for the government to reform, and not to rely on the English, and his speech was before the general assembly of the party in 1912, whichh led to The Egyptian government arrested him and sentenced him to one year In prison with hard labor, whichh led to his leaving the country. For more details, see: Yonan Labib Rizk, The Egyptian Parties Before the July 1952 Revolution, Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, 1977, pp. 20_82.

Quoted from: Musharafa Muhammad Ahmad al-Meligy, Abd al-Khaleq Tharwat and his role in Egyptian politics, the Egyptian General Book Authority, Cairo, 1989, p. 106.

Citing: Abdel-Azim Ramadan, The Development of the National Movement in Egypt 1918-1936, 3rd Edition, The Egyptian General Book Organization, Cairo, p. 320.

Defense Newspaper, Issue No. 2059, February 9, 1942, p. 3.

(D.K.W.) Royal Court Files Serial No. 729/311; Iraqi Royal Commission in Cairo, Document No. 31, April 8, 1934, Jaafar Abbas Hamidi, previous source, p. 173; Al Musawwar Newspaper, Issue 422, November 11, 1934, p. 3

. Minutes of the House of Representatives, the fifth session on April 27, 1934 Public Archives, Document No. B1768, statements of the Minister of War and Navy before the House of Representatives on May 7, 1934.

Quoted from: Abd al-Azim Ramadan, The Egyptian Army in Politics, pp. 227-228, Al-Musawwar Newspaper, No. 382, February 5, 1934, p. 3.

Quoted from: the same source, p. 3

. Quoted from: Abdul-Azim Ramadan, the previous source, p. 4.

Jad Taha, Britain and the Egyptian Army In the Light of British Documents, 2nd edition, Saeed Raafat Library, 1984, p. 105.

The same source, p. 105.