The Role of Salib Sami in Egyptian Politics (1936-1941)
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Abstract
The research reviews a major and important era in the life of the famous Egyptian politician, Salib Sami, specifically in the Egyptian politics during the Second World War, which is one of the difficult periods, due to the strictness and commitment of the British authorities to remain in charge of managing and directing Egyptian politics according to their interests. He was clear in managing the tasks entrusted to him, to the extent that he became a British demand to stay in the corridors of politics, despite his national policy, and the great gains he was able to achieve in favor of Egypt.
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References
Salib Sami: An Egyptian politician, born in Cairo in 1885, belongs to a Coptic family, finished his primary education at Damanhour School in 1896, and studied law at the Khedive Law School, began practicing law in 1905, had a role in the 1919 revolution, participated In tIe Egyptian Constitution Drafting Committee in 1923, he held many administrative positions, in addition to assuming a number of ministerial periods, the most important of which were the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs In 1933, Minister of War In 1934, and Minister of Supply in 1940, In addition to holding the position of Minister of Industry and Trade several times, he retired Political action after the events of the revolution of July 23, 1952, he died in 1958. For more details, see: Sami Cross, Memories of Sami Cross 1891-1952, investigation: Sami Abu Al-Nour, Madbouly Library, Cairo, 1999.
The Ali Maher Ministry was formed on January 30 after the resignation of the Ministry of Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim, which submitted its resignation after the occurrence of many disturbances and international conditions and the Italian Invasion of Abyssinia and its strong influence on Egyptian public opinion on the one hand and British policy on the other hand. The parties requested the formation of a neutral ministry and negotiations with The British side to conclude the treaty and for the ministry to hold elections to form new committees, and for the chief of staff to assume the presidency of the new ministry. For more details, see: Younan Labib Rizk, History of the Egyptian Ministries 1878-1953, Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, Documents and Historical Research Unit, Cairo, 1975. P. 311.
Murad Sayed Ahmed is an Egyptian politician, born in 1875 in Cairo, and received his education there. He studied law in Switzerland. After his return, he worked as a judge in the civil courts in Cairo, then as an inspector there. He was appointed as a royal advisor in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, then Public Works, then Transportation. 1930_1931, he was appointed as a member of the Executive Committee of the People’s Party, whichh was founded by Ismail Sidqi, then appointed Minister Plenipotentiary in Brussels, then transferred to Rome In May 1935, then Minister Plenipotentiary in Berlin. He died in 1954. For more details, see: Sami Cross, Memories of Sami Cross, p. 211
. The Egyptian University: The idea of establishing the Egyptian University began with Mustafa Kamel in 1906 after the Denshway incident, and at Its beginning it included a department of literature, criminal sciences, and financial and economic sciences. The royal decree was issued on March 11, 1925 to establish the Egyptian University at the hands of King Fouad, and it included many faculties, including arts Medicine, law, engineering, agriculture and veterinary medicine, which were named Fouad I University and the launch of all public facilities that were established during his reign in 1938. For more details see: Ahmed Abdel Fattah Bedir, Prince Ahmed Fouad and the Establishment of the Egyptian University, Fouad I University Press, Cairo, 1950 P. 706, Samia Hussein Ibrahim, Al-Ahlia University between Origins and Development 1908_1925, The Egyptian General Book Organization, Cairo, 1985, p. 27.
Sami Cross, Memories of a Sami Cross, pg. 201
. After the resignation of Ali Maher’s first cabinet in 1936, after he formed the negotiating committee that undertook negotiations with the British side to conclude the treaty, and free general elections were held that resulted in the formation of a new parliament in whichh the delegation won an overwhelming majority, as it formed a new ministry on May 9 1936-1937, which coincided with the death of King Fuad and was absent from the field of Egyptian politics, a major figure who has been playing a starring role since he assumed the throne for nearly two decades, Younan Labib Rizk, History of Egyptian Ministries, 381.
Mustafa Al-Nahhas: An Egyptian politician, born in 1879 In the town of Samanoud in the Gharbia Governorate. He studied in the village writers, learned to read and write, and memorized some of the Noble Qur’an. His father joined him in the telegraph office of the Samanoud railway station, to prepare him for a telegraphic job. He joined the Nasiriyah elementary school, then moved He went to the Khedive school and graduated from it In 1900. He was the first In his class to work as a lawyer in the office of Muhammad Farid. In 1904 he was appointed as a judge for the governorates of Qena, Aswan, Cairo and Tanta, then he obtained the rank of baccalaureate. He was exiled with Saad Zaghloul to the Seychelles in 1921. He was appointed Minister of Communications in the Ministry of Saad Zaghloul in 1924. He was appointed head of the Wafd Party after the death of Saad Zaghloul in 1927. He was appointed head of the ministry in 1942 after Britain forced him to assume the position. He was appointed head of the ministry in 1950, and worked On the annulment of the 1936 Treaty, he retired from political work after the Cairo fire in 1952, he died in 1965. For more details, see: Abbas Hafez, Mustafa Al-Nahhas or the Leadership and the Leader, Misr Press, Cairo, 1936, pp. 255-259, Mukhtar Ahmed Nour, Mustafa Al-Nahhas as Chairman For the delegation 1927-1953, Dr. Press National Books R, Cairo, 2005, p. 30.
Abd al-Razzaq al-Sanhouri: An Egyptian jurist and jurist, born in 1895 in Alexandria, one of the greatest scholars of civil law In his time, obtained a law degree from Cairo University In 1917, and was chosen on a scientific mission to France and obtained a doctorate in law, economics and politics in 1926, he returned After that, he moved to Cairo and assumed political positions, including Chairman of the State Council and Minister of Education. He wrote research papers on civil law that contributed to the establishment of this science in the universities of Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Jordan. He won the State Appreciation Award in Social Sciences and was chosen as a member of the Arabic Language Academy in Cairo In 1946. He died In 1971. For more details, see: Muhammad Hamid Muhammad, Encyclopedia of 187 Egyptian Personalities, d. T., D. M, p. 93.
Sami Cross, Memories of a Sami Cross, pg. 201
. e. a. K. Fisher, History of Europe In the Modern Era 1789-1950, translated by: Ahmed Naguib Hashem, Wadih al-Dabaa, 6th edition, Dar al-Ma'arif, Cairo, 1972, p. 672.
Dr. K. And the. Royal Court Files, Serial No. 729/311, Iraqi Royal Commission in Cairo, Document No. 189/5/T, June 12, 1940.
Treaty of 1936: An Egyptian-British treaty concluded on August 28, 1936, in whichh the Egyptian side was represented by Mustafa al-Nahhas, and the British side was represented by British Ambassador Miles Lampson. The treaty consisted of sixteen articles, the first article stipulating the end of the British occupation of Egypt, and the second article stipulating its entry into the League Nations, and Article VII, in the event of war, Britain has the right to use British forces for ports, airports, transportation routes, administrative and economic procedures, including the use of martial law, and Article Eight stipulates the stationing of British forces in the Suez Canal and their survival so that the Egyptian forces can protect the canal and the safety of Its communications, and these forces were identified as ten Thousands of soldiers, In addition to the Air Force, and limited it to four hundred pilots. For more details, see: Abd al-Aziz al-Shennawi and Jalal Yahya, Documents and Texts of Modern and Contemporary History, Dar al-Ma'arif, Cairo, 1969, p. 743.
Public Archives House, Royal Order No. 58, June 16, 1940.
Edward Frederick Halifax (1881-1959): a British politician and statesman, born in Vincent, the fourth son of the Viscount Halifax, a Catholic clergyman in Yorkshire, studied theology in Dayton, and became a Conservative Member of Parliament for Ripon in January 1910, and served The position of Viceroy In India during the period (1925_1931), then he became Minister of Foreign Affairs for the period (1938-1940), and his country’s ambassador to the United States of America for the period (1941-1946). For more details see:
The New Encyclopedia Brittanica, vol 4, p. 856.
Al-Ahram Newspaper, Issue 20169, May 5, 1940, p. 8.
Hassan Sabri: An Egyptian politician, born in 1885. He studied at the Higher Teachers’ School and the Khedive Law School. After his graduation, he was appointed as a teacher, then superintendent of the Muhammad Ali School in Cairo. He assumed the position of Minister of Finance in 1933, then rose to judicial positions, and was appointed as a minister. Plenipotentiary to Egypt in London in 1935, then Minister of Communications, Trade and Industry in 1936, then Minister of Communications, War and Navy in 1938. He assumed the position of Prime Minister in 1940. He died while delivering the Throne Speech in Ihe same year. For more details, see: Ahmed Atiya Allah, The Political Dictionary, 3rd Edition, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Beirut, 1968, p. 464, Younan Labib Rizk, History of Egyptian Ministries, p. 45.
Public Archives, Royal Decree No. 60, September 21, 1940.
The new ministry was formed on June 28, 1940, which included Hassan Sabri for the Presidency and Foreign Affairs, Abd al-Hamid Salman for Finance, Hilmi Issa for Justice, Mahmoud Fahmy al-Naqrashi for the Interior, Mahmoud Fahmy al-Qaisi for Defense, Hussein Sabri for Works, Sami Cross for Supply, Mustafa Abd al-Razzaq for Endowments, Ibrahim Abd al-Hadi for Trade and Industry, Ahmed Abdul Ghaffar for Agriculture, Muhammad Hussein Haikal for Knowledge, Mahmoud Ghaleb for Communication, Muhammad Hafez Ramadan for Social Affairs, Ayoub, Minister of State, Abdul Majeed Ibrahim Saleh, Minister of State, and Ali IbrahiI for Health. For more details see: D. K. And, Royal Court Files, Serial No. 724/311, Iraqi Royal Commission in Cairo, July 1, 1940, Document No. 167, p. 47.
Salih Harb: An Egyptian politician and statesman. He was born in Al-Harasat Island, one of the villages In the Swan Governorate in 1889. From a family known to the military since its inception, he received education in the books and memorized the Noble Qur’an. He joined the Aswan Elementary School in 1895, then joined the Coast Guard School. Military, graduated in 1903, with the rank of second lieutenant, received many promotions, became the military governor of Marsa Matruh and Siwa, held the position of Minister of Defense in Ali Maher’s second ministry for the period (1939-1940), was known for his hostility to Britain, and the British High Commissioner objected to him During the formation of Hassan Sabri's ministry, from which he was excluded by pressure on the prime minister by Britain, he died In 1967. For more details, see: Manal Abbas Kamel Al-Khafaji, previous source, p. 149.
Abbas Hamidi, Political Developments in Egypt in the Documents of the Iraqi Representations in Cairo 1930-1942, House of Wisdom, Baghdad, 2002, p. 723.
Shawqi Atallah Al-Jamal, Abdullah Abdul-Razzaq, History of Europe from the Renaissance to the Cold War, The Egyptian Bureau, Cairo, 2000, p. 273.
Muhammad Sobeih, Days and Days (1882-1956), Al-Alam Al-Arabi Publications, Cairo, 1967, p. 275.
Salah Al-Akkad, The Arabs and the Second World War, Al-Risala Press, Cairo, 1996, p. 27.
Egyptian Gazette, No. 162, December 2, 1940.
The Ministry of Supply was established for the first time In the Ministry of Hassan Sabri, and Salib Sami was appointed as the first minister to hold the Ministry of Supply on June 27, 1940, after the resignation of Ali Maher’s ministry, and Its features were affiliated with the Ministries of Industry and Trade, and after the dispute that arose within the ministry; Because of the insistence of the Saadian ministers on the necessity of declaring war on Egypt, whichh was opposed by Hassan Sabri and his adherence to not entering the war, the Saadi ministers submitted their resignations, so Hassan Sabri made a cabinet reshuffle, which entrusted Sami the Ministry of Trade and Industry along with the Ministry of Supply. For more details, see: Sami Abu Al-Nour, The Role of the Palace in Political Life 1937_1952, 2nd Edition, Madbouly Library, Cairo, 1996, pp. 103-106, Muhammad Al-Jawadi, The Ministerial Building in Egypt 1878-1996, Dar Al-Shorouk, Cairo, 1996, p. 17; Jaafar Abbas Hamidi, previous source, p. 786.
Dr. K. And the. Royal Court Files, Serial No. 729/311, Iraqi Royal Commission in Cairo, October 9, 1940, Document No. 27, p. 79.
Sami Cross, Memories of a Sami Cross, pg. 203
. Dr. K. And the. Royal Court Files, Serial No. 729/311, Iraqi Royal Commission in Cairo, November 17, 1940, Document No. 17, p. 60.
Al-Balagh Newspaper, Issue 14190, December 9, 1940, p. 4.
Nawal Qassem, The Developments of the Egyptian Industry from the Era of Muhammad Ali to the Era of Abdel Nasser, Madbouly Bookshop, Cairo, d. T, p. 263.
Gamal El-Din Mohamed Saeed, Economic Development in Egypt Since the Great Global Depression, Arab Statement Committee Press, Cairo, 1955, p. 44.
Muhammad Fatih Aqil and Fouad Muhammad Saffar, The Economics of the United Arab Republic for Industrial Production, Banks Press, Alexandria, 1967, p. 56.
Al-Masry Newspaper, Issue 3064, December 10, 1941, p. 5.
Al-Ahram Newspaper, Issue 15, April 1940, 20160, p. 8.
Compulsory pricing: It was taken by the Egyptian government in 1940, through whichh it wanted to set a fixed price for various goods and services in Egypt. In order not to exploit traders manipulation of prices. For more details, see: Sami Cross, Memories of a Sami Cross, p. 207.
Ismail Mohamed Hashem, Notes on Economic Development, Egyptian Universities Publishing House, Alexandria, 1973, p. 241.
Arthur Cook, Industries and Industries, translated by: Awad Jundi, Misr Press, Cairo, 2000, p. 78.
Khalaf Abdel-Azim Al-Miri, Al-Waqae’ Al-Masryia Channel, date of entry to the channel’s website, June 25, 2022.
Rashid Al-Barawi, Muhammad Hamza Alish, Economic Development in Egypt, 3rd edition, Al-Nahda Al-Masrya Library, Cairo, 1948, p. 260.
Royal Decree Issued by King Fouad on December 20, 1934, Fouad Karam, Eyeglasses and Ministries since the establishment of the first eyeglasses body on August 28, 1878 until the establishment of the Republic on June 18, 1953, Egyptian General Book Organization, Cairo, 1994, p. 340.
Al-Balagh Newspaper, Issue 3869, June 19, 1935, p. 5.
Rawd Al-Farag Market: It was established at the beginning of 1940, and It is considered one of the most beautiful markets in Cairo of Its kind. The market was large In area, built of pressed red bricks, and there were reasons for preservation, such as large refrigerators, and spacious stores, some of which were closed from the top and others were exposed to the air. Specialized employees supervised its management and oversight of buying and selling in it, and a platoon of policemen was in charge of maintaining order. And since the wholesalers’ turnout for this market was great, fixed rules were set for renting out its premises to them so that none of them would be wronged. The Supreme Cross formed a committee to investigate their complaints and present its decisions to the Minister of Supply. For more details, see: Al Musawwar Newspaper, Issue 423, November 18, 1940.
Ahmed Hassanein: An Egyptian politician, born in 1885, and he Is the son of Sheikh Muhammad Hassanein, one of the men of Al-Azhar. He was educated in Egypt, joined the University of Oxford, and tried to enlist In the British army in 1914. He was appointed Arab secretary to General (Maxwell), then an assistant inspector at the Ministry of Interior Then the first secretary in the Washington mission in 1924, he was assigned by the Egyptian government to negotiate the borders with Italy in 1924. He was appointed secretary of the palace during the reign of King Fouad and continued his work for 15 years. He accompanied Prince Farouk to London; On his study trip, he was appointed head of the royal court in 1940. He died in 1946 as a result of a collision at the Abbas Bridge. The accident was orchestrated by King Farouk after he had an affair with his mother, Queen Nazli. For more details, see: Al-Risala Magazine, Issue 660, February 2, 1946, p. 19; Asmaa Abu Zaid Salama, The Royal Court 1922-1952 Historical Study, Journal of the Association of Arab Universities, Suez Canal University, Volume (22), Issue (2), 2022, p. 215.
Sami Cross, Memories of a Sami Cross, pg. 209
. The same source, p. 209.
Al Musawwar Newspaper, Issue 409, August 12, 1932, p. 10.
Abdel-Azim Ramadan, The Development of the National Movement in Egypt 1939_1945, 2nd Edition, The Egyptian General Book Organization, 1999, Part 4, p. 115.
Al-Difaa Newspaper, No. 1679, November 17, 1940, p. 3.
Muhammad Odeh, How the monarchy fell in Egypt, Farouk, beginning and end, Dar Al-Khayal, Cairo, 2000, pp. 59-60.
Abdel-Azim Ramadan, Egypt and the Second World War, the Egyptian General Book Organization, Cairo, 1998, pg. 235.
Hussein Sirri: An Egyptian politician, born in 1892. He Is the son of Minister Hussein. Sirri graduated from the Saadiya School in 1910, then obtained a diploma in engineering in London in 1915. He specialized in irrigation affairs at the Ministry of Labor and Public Works. Minister of Works in 1937-1939, then Minister of Finance in Ali Maher’s ministry In 1940. He assumed the prime minister’s office and reserved for himself the Ministry of Interior and Foreign Affairs. He assumed the neutral prime minister’s office In 1952. He died In 1960. For more details, see: Mahmoud Abdullah Saleh Darb, Hussein Sri Pasha and his political role in Egypt (1892_1952) MA thesis (unpublished), Institute of Arab History and Scientific Heritage, Baghdad, 2011, p. 20; Younan Labib Rizk, History of the Egyptian Ministries, pg. 426.
Dr. K. And, Royal Court Files, Serial No. 311/729, Iraqi Royal Commission in Cairo, Document No. 569, November 17, 1940, p. 60.
Younan Labib Rizk, History of the Egyptian Ministries, p. 427; Abdel-Azim Ramadan, Egypt and the Second World War, Al-Ahram Commercial Press, Cairo, 1977, p. 240.
Jaafar Abbas Hamidi, previous source, p. 807; Al-Zaman Newspaper, Issue No. 962, November 16, 1940, p. 1.
Marcel Colomb, The Development of Egypt 1924_1950, translated by: Zuhair Al-Shayeb, Madbouly Bookshop, Cairo, 1976, p. 126.
Abd al-Rahman Zaki, The Middle East, a comprehensive study of its countries and their economic and strategic conditions, Egyptian Renaissance Library, Cairo, (Dr. T), p. 36.
Sami Cross, Memories of a Sami Cross, pg. 221.
Pashawiya: It Is one of the titles of the Ottoman Empire, and Its bearer is called His Excellency, and it Is granted to ministers, deputy ministers, and advisors, who assume the ministry. For more details, see: Muhammad Shawkat al-Tuni, the lawyer, Parties and Leaders 1919_1952, 1st Edition, Al-Dar Al-Masria Press, Cairo, 1980, p. 80; Mustafa Barakat, Titles and Governmental Positions, 1517_1924, Dar Gharib for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, Cairo, (D, T), pp. 290_294.
Al-Ahram Newspaper, Issue 20354, May 17, 1940, p. 6.
Al-Ahram Newspaper, Issue 20357, May 19, 1940, p. 3.
Sami Cross, Memories of Sami Cross, p. 229; Al-Ahram Newspaper, Issue 21349, August 12, 1941, p. 4; Abdel Aziz Marei and Issa Abdo Ibrahim, Contemporary Economic Problems in the Egyptian Region, United Art Printing Company, Cairo, 1961, p. 10.
Rashid Al-Barawi, Muhammad Hamza Alish, Economic Developments in Egypt in the Modern Era, 3rd edition, Al-Nahda Al-Masrya Library, Cairo, 1948, p. 274.
Al-Ahram Newspaper, Issue 20354, May 19, 1941, p. 3.
Dr. K. And the. Royal Court Files, serial number 311/228,208/5/T, Iraqi Royal Commission in Cairo, July 1, 1940, Document No. 176, p. 20.
Jaafar Abbas Hamidi, previous source, p. 744; Amina Shafiq, The Egyptian Working Class, Origin and Development, The Political Library, Cairo 1987, p. 42.
Al-Ahram Newspaper, Issue 20354, May 17, 1941, pg. 5.
Muhammad Al-Saeed Idris, The Wafd Party and the Egyptian Working Class, 1st Edition, New House of Culture, Cairo, 1989, pp. 250_251.
Al-Ahram Newspaper, Issue 20354, May 17, 1941, pg. 5.
Production Council: Founded in 1941 by the Egyptian Ministry of Trade, Industry and Supply, which worked to implement the ministry’s policy of contributing capital to large projects and procuring crisis loans to expand the industry, through industrial banks, and ensuring reasonable rates of profits to attract capital. Needed to implement these projects. For more details, see: Iyad Ayesh Muhammad al-Kubaisi, Political and Economic Developments in Egypt during World War II, Master Thesis (unpublished), College of Arts, Anbar University, 2009, p. 223.
Mustafa Al-Khashab, Studies in Economic Sociology, Cairo, Al-Bayan Al-Arabi Library, 1957, p. 214; Al-Ahram, Issue 31563, May 11, 1973, p. 7.
Taha Saad Othman, Memoirs and Documents from the History of Egyptian Workers, The Struggle of Textile Workers in Egypt 1938-1947, Shubar Al-Khaima Press, Cairo, 1932, p. 230.