الابعاد السياسية والاجتماعية لظاهرة التصاهر بين الاسر الحاكمة عند البيزنطيين والصليبيين 539هـ -576هـ/1143م-1180م
محتوى المقالة الرئيسي
الملخص
كانت الامبراطورية البيزنطية من المحرضين والمشجعين لقيام الغزو الصليبي الذي اجتاح بلاد الشام في نهاية القرن الخامس للهجرة/ الحادي عشر للميلاد, لكنها سرعان ما اصيبت بخيبة امل كبيرة, عندما استولى الصليبيون على مناطق النفوذ البيزنطي بعد طرد السلاجقة منها وتمسكهم بالاراضي التي استولوا عليها خاصة مدينة انطاكية والاجزاء المحيطة بمدينة الرها, فأدت نقطة الخلاف هذه الى توتر في العلاقات السياسية والى مزيد من الضغائن الاحقاد بين البيزنطيين والصليبيين وسارت العلاقات على هذا الشكل حتى عصر الامبراطور مانويل كومنين اذ حصل تطور كبير في العلاقات وكان السبب وراء ذلك حصول المصاهرات بين البلاطين البيزنطي والصليبي ومد جسور الثقة على هذا الاساس حققت بيزنطة حلمها بفرض سيطرتها الدينية والسياسية على انطاكية وتربع اميرتين بيزنطيتين على عرش المملكة اللاتينية.
المقاييس
تفاصيل المقالة

هذا العمل مرخص بموجب Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
المراجع
Ibn al-Atheer: Izz al-Din Ali bin Muhammad bin Abdul Karim. al-kamel (630 AH / 1230 CE)
Al-Kamil fe al- tarik (Dar Al-Kotob Al-Ilmiyya, Beirut-1987)
Al-Bindari: Al-Fath bin Ali bin Muhammad (d.643 AH / 1245 CE).
Sana Al-Barq Al-Shami, edited by Fathia Al-Nabrawi, (Al-Khanji Library, Cairo -1179)
Abu Shama: Shihab al-Din Abd al-Rahman bin Ismail (d.665 AH / 1267 CE).
Al-Rawdatayn fe akbar al dawlataen al-Nuyai wa al-Salihya, commented by Ibrahim Shams al-Din, (Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, Beirut, 1997).
Ibn Shaddad: Judge Bahaa al-Din
Al-Nawadr Al-Sultanya wa Al- Al-Mahasin Yusufia (Dar Al-Fiker, Beirut-1978).
Al-Isfahani: Imad al-Din bin Safi al-Din Abu al-Faraj Muhammad (d.597 AH / 1201 CE).
Al-Fath Al-Qassi fe Al-Fath Al-Qudsi, verified by Muhammad Mahmoud Subuh, (d. T).
Ibn Al-Adim: Kamal al-Din Abi Al-Qasim Omar bin Ahmed bin Hebat Allah (d.660 AH / 1261 AD).
Zibdat al-Halab fe Tarik Halab, about its publication, investigation and indexing: Sami Al-Dahan, (French Institute for Arab Studies, Damascus - 1954).
Abu al-Fida: Imad al-Din Ismail bin Muhammad (d.732 AH / 1331 CE)
Al-Mukhtasar fi Akhbar al-Bashar (Dar al kitab, Beirut - D. T).
Ibn Al-Qalansi: Abu Ali Hamza bin Asad (d. 555 AH / 1159 AD).
Thael tarik Damashc, (Jesuit Fathers Press, Beirut - 1908).
Al-Maqrizi: Ahmed bin Ali (d.845 AH / 1441 AD).
Al slook fi akbar al miluk, corrected and put his footnotes: Muhammad Mustafa Ziada (Committee of Authorship and Translation, Egypt -1956).
Ibn Wasel: Jamal al-Din Muhammad bin Salem (d.697 AH / 1298 CE).
Mufarej Al-Karoub fi akbar Bani Ayoub, edited by: Jamal Al-Din Al-Shayal, (Fouad Al-Awal University, Cairo - 1953).
Ibn al-Wardi: Zain al-Din Umar (d. 749 AH / 1348 CE).
Al-Muqtasar fi Akhbar al-Bashr (History of Ibn al-Wardi) Supervised and investigated by: Ahmad Rifat Al-Badrawi, (Dar Al-Ma'rifah, Beirut - 1970)
Foreign Sources
Arnole (d.630 AH / 1232 CE):
Al-Thayl on the history of William of-Tayr through the book The Comprehensive Encyclopedia of the History of the Crusades, edited and translated by Suhail Zakar (Dar Al-Fikr, Beirut -1993), Part 8.
Doyle: Udo
Louis VII's Journey to the East, through the book The Levantine Encyclopedia in the History of the Crusades, edited and translated by Suhail Zakar, (Dar Al-Fikr, Beirut - 1195), Part 7.
Al-Rahawi the unknown (d.634 AH / 1234 CE),
The History of Al-Rahawi, A Book on Syriac and His Endnotes: Father Albert Abouna, (Shafiq Press, Baghdad -1986).
Ibn al-Abri: Abu al-Faraj Gregory bin Harun al-Malti (d.684 AH / 1286 CE),
The History of the Country Brief, which was corrected and indexed by: Father Antoine Salhani Al-Jesuit, 2nd Edition (Dar Al-Raed Al-Lebanon, Beirut -1994).
Fatri: Jacob
The History of Jerusalem, translation and commentary: Saeed Al-Bishawi, (Dar Al-Shorouk, Ramallah -1998).
Clary: Robert
The conquest of Constantinople by the Crusaders, translated by Hassan Habashi, (Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi, Egypt -1964).
Kinamus: Hanna
The history of Byzantium, through the comprehensive encyclopedia of the history of the Crusades by Sahil Zakar, (Dar Al-Fikr, Beirut -1997), p29.
Mar Mikhael the Great the Syrian: (d.596 AH / 1199 AD)
The History of Mar Michael, His Arabic on the Syriac: Gregory Saliba Shimon, (Dar Mardin, Aleppo -1996).
Unknown author (eyewitness):
The Third Crusade, translated and commented by: Hassan Habashi, (The General Egyptian Book Organization, Cairo-2000), two parts.
William of Tayr: (d. 580 AH / 1185 CE)
The history of works performed abroad, transferred to Arabic and presented to him: Suhail Zakar (Dar Al-Fikr, Beirut -1990).
Widow: Isaac
The Crusades in the Syriac Antiquities, (Syriac Press, Beirut -1929).
Elsive: Nikita
The Islamic East in the Middle Ages, translated by Mansour Abu Al-Hassan, (Dar Al-Kitab Al-Hadith, 1986).
Brauer: Joshua
The Scientist of the Crusaders, translated and presented by: Qasim Abdo Qasim and Muhammad Khalifa Hassan, (appointed to human and social studies and research, Cairo -1999).
Bridge: Anthony
The Crusades, translation: Spano, (Damascus-1985).
Baldwin: Marshall
The Latin states under the rule of Baldwin III and Amouri I 1143-1174 Translated and Commentary: Salah Hassan Al-Aour, through the book The Crusades,by, Kenneth Seton.
Bosworth: Clifford
Ruling Dynasties in Islamic History, translated by Hussein Ali Al-Laboudi, ed. 2 (Arab Sail Foundation, Kuwait -1995).
Beans: Norman
The Byzantine Empire, Arabization: Hussein Mu'nis and Mahmoud Youssef Zayed, (The Committee for Authorship and Translation, Cairo -1950).
Tawfiq: Omar Kamal
Introductions to the Crusader aggression against the Arab East, 2nd Edition (Dar Al-Maarif, Cairo -1967).
Islamic diplomacy and peaceful relations with the Crusaders, (University Knowledge House, Alexandria -1986).
Jackson: David.
Saladin, transcribed into Arabic: Ali Mahdi, revised and verified by: Nicolas Ziadeh and Fahmy Saeed (Al-Ahlia for Publishing and Distribution, Beirut-1988).