General Directorate of Education in Salah al-Din Governorate - Samarra Education Department
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Abstract
The period that followed the declaration of the establishment of the Turkish Republic witnessed differences from multiple viewpoints, some of which favor the establishment of a political system based on pluralism, and others stress the importance of working with a one-party system from multiple perspectives. Therefore, that period witnessed the establishment of some political organizations that would raise the status of parties, most notably the Turkish Communist Party in 1920 and the Republican People's Party in 1923.
In addition to the establishment of some political organizations or groups that do not rise to the status of the parties, or perhaps they did not get enough opportunity and did not obtain the appropriate political position to properly disclose their objectives, the most prominent of these organizations are the Republican Division in favor of promotion in 1924 and the Free Republican Division in 1930, as well as the other political organizations.
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References
First: Books: _
A. Arabic and translated Books:
_ Ibrahim Al-Daquqi, the Kurds of Turkey, Dar Al-Mada for Culture and Publishing, Damascus, 2003.
_ Ibrahim Khalil Ahmed et al, Contemporary Turkey, Center of Turkish Studies - University of Mosul, Mosul, 1988.
_ Ahmed Abdil Aziz Mahmoud, Turkey in 20th Century, a Geo-political Study, Mukriani Foundation for Research and Publishing, Erbil, 2011.
_ Ahmed Nuri Al-Nuaymi, Political Life in Modern Turkey 1919-1938, Freedom House for Printing, Baghdad, 1990.
_ Ahmed Nuri Al-Nuaymi, The Political System in Turkey, Zahran House for Distribution and Publishing, Amman, 2011.
_ Ahmed Nuri Al-Nuaymi, The phenomenon of multiple parties in Turkey 1945-1980, Freedom House for Printing, Baghdad, 1989.
_ Eric Zorker, Modern History of Turkey, translated by Abdullatif Al-Haris, Reviewed by: Saad Daroub, Dar Al Madar, Beirut, 2013.
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_ Bernard Lewis, Modern Turkey, translated by: Qasim Abda Qasim and Samia Muhammad, National Center of Translation, Cairo, 2016.
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_ Sobhy Nazem Tawfiq, The Balkan Charter and Montreux Treaty in the documents of the Iraqi representations in Turkey 1930-1957, Dar-Al-Hikma, Baghdad, 2002.
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_ Abdulaziz Muhammad Awad-Allah, Party Life in Modern Turkey, Oriental Studies Center - Cairo University, Cairo, 2002.
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_ Fayrouz Ahmed, The Creation of Modern Turkey, translated by: Salman Dawood Al-Wasiti and Hamdi Hamid Al-Doori, Dar Al-Hikma, Baghdad, 2000.
_ Karim Motar Hamzah Al-Zubaydi, Studies in the Modern History of Turkey, Dar Al-Uloom Al-Arabia for Printing and Publishing, Beirut, 2015.
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B. Turkish Books:
_ Ahmet Bedvevi Kuran, Inkilap Tarihimiz Ve Jön Türkler, Istanbul, 1945.
_ Ahmet Turan Alkan, Ikinci Meşrutiyet Devrinde Ordu Ve Siyaset, Ankara,1992.
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Second: Notes
A. Arabic Notes
_ Ihssan Nuri Pasha, Memoirs – the uprising of 1926, translated by Salah Barwari, Beirut 1990.
B. Turkish Notes:
_ Ali Fuat Cebesoy, Milli Mücadele Hatiralari, İstanbul, 1953.
_ Ali Fuat Cebesoy, Siyasi Hatiralari, Cilt.1_2, İstanbul, 1975.
_ Şevket Süreyya Aydemir, Tek Adam, Cilt.1, Istanbul, 1963.
Third: Encyclopedias _
A. Arabic Encyclopedias:
_ Muhammad Saeed Al-Lahham et al, The Political Dictionary and Terminology of International Conferences, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, Beirut, 2004.
_ Muhammad Mahmoud Rabeea and Ismail Sabri Moqaled, Encyclopedia of Political Science, Dar Al-Watan, Kuwait, 1994.
B. Foreign Encyclopedias:
_ Encyclopedia Americana, Vol.15, New York, 1976.
_ Harun Yahya, Atatürk Ansiklopedisi, Cilt.1, Istanbul, 2010.
_ Turkiye Ansiklopedisi, Cilt.1, Ankara, 1989.
Fourth: theses and dissertations:
A_ Shaima Ramzi Abdul-Ghani Al-Hamawandi, Turkish policy towards the Kurds during the era of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (1923-1938 AD) - Historical study, MA thesis (unpublished), College of Education for Girls - University of Tikrit, 2012.
B_ Qasim Khalaf Asi Al-Jumayli, Developments in Turkish Domestic Politics 1923-1928, Master Thesis (unpublished), College of Arts - University of Baghdad, 1985.
C_ Qays Asaad Shakir Hamaidi, "Rafiq Saidam" and his political role in Turkey until 1942 AD, PhD thesis (unpublished), Faculty of Education - University of Samarra, 2018.
D_ Qays Asaad Shakir Hamaidi, "Faouzi Chakmaq" and his Military and Political Role in Turkey 1876-1950, Master Thesis (unpublished), Faculty of Education - University of Samarra, 2015.
E_ Yassir Adnan Aliwi, "Jelal Bayar" and his political and economic role in Turkey 1883-1960, Master Thesis (unpublished), Faculty of Education - University of Samarra, 2013.
Fifth: Researches and Studies :
A. Arabic Researches and Studies :
_ Ibtisam Hammoud Muhammad and Moataz Hamid, Turkey and the International Alliances after the Second World War, journal of "Tikrit University for Human Sciences", Volume: (16), Issue: (12), Tikrit University, December 2009.
_ Ahmad Noman Saeed, Between the Turks and the Kurds, "Al Sharq Al-Awsat" journal, Issue: (3), Cairo, January 14, 1927.
_ Iman Ghanem Sharif, The Impact of Political Reality on Religious Education in Turkey 1923-1960, Journal of "Tikrit University for Human Sciences", Volume: (26), Issue: (3), Tikrit University, 2019.
_ Sarmad Ukaidi Fathi and Ghosoun Karim Majzab, "Ali Fathi Okyar" and his role in the Turkish-British negotiations in 1924, Journal of "Educational and Scientific Studies", Volume: (2), Issue: (10), College of Education-Iraqi University, Historical Studies - July 2017.
_ Sarmad Ukaidi Fathi, "Ali Fathy Okyar" and his role in founding the Free Republican Party, Journal of "Educational and Scientific Studies", Volume: (1), Issue: (16), College of Education - Iraqi University, February 2020.
_ Abbas Fadhel Muhammad, Constitutional Amendments in Turkey, Journal of "Tikrit University for Human Sciences," Volume: (15), Issue: (11), Tikrit University, November 2008.
_ Walid Salem Muhammad, The Individualist System (Autocratic), A Theoretical Study of Absolute Power, Journal of "College of Basic Education Research", Volume: (11), Issue: (2), University of Mosul, 2011.
B. _ Turkish Researches and Studies :
_ Dr. Refik Saydam 1881_1942, Ölümünün 40. Yılı Anısına, Sağlık ve Sosyal Yardım Bakanlığı, Ankara, 1982.