Security and Political Measures in Foreign Affairs in the Emirate of Granada (701–733 AH / 1301–1332 AD)
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The Emirate of Granada, which represented the last stronghold of Muslims in the southern Iberian Peninsula, encompassed cities that had not fallen into the hands of the Christians. As such, it was imperative for Granada to protect Islam and Muslims, which required the establishment of a strong force capable of defending its land and people. To achieve this, Granada took political and security measures in its foreign relations, including the signing of treaties, making pacts, offering gifts, arranging marriages, deploying espionage tactics, military deceptions, and engaging in military battles with enemies seeking to seize its territory.
The research is divided into two main sections, followed by the conclusion outlining the findings. Historical sources and references were utilized, and a narrative historical approach was followed in presenting the research.
Metrics
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Ibn al-Khatib, Lisan al-Din, Abu Abdullah bin Saad bin Ahmed al-Salmani. (1374 CE / 776 AH). Al-Ihata fi Akhbar Gharnata (translated by Yusuf Ali Tawil). Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya.
Ibn Hajar, Abu al-Fadl Ahmed bin Ali al-Asqalani al-Shafi'i. (1448 CE / 852 AH). Al-Durar Al-Kamina fi A'yan Al-Mi'a Al-Thamina: Inba' Al-Ghamr bi Abna' Al-Umr fi Al-Tarikh.
Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman bin Muhammad. (1405 CE / 808 AH). Al-'Ibar wa Diwan al-Mubtada' wa al-Khabar fi Ayyam al-Arab wa al-Ajam wa al-Barbar wa man 'Asarahum min Dhu al-Sultan al-Akbar (5th edition). Dar Al-Qalam.
Ibn Adhari, Abu al-Abbas Ahmed bin Muhammad al-Marrakushi. (1312 CE / 712 AH). Masalik Al-Absar fi Mamalik Al-Amsar. Al-Majma' Al-Thaqafi.
Ibn Manzur, Muhammad bin Makram bin Manzur al-Afriki al-Masri. (1311 CE / 711 AH). Lisan Al-Arab. Dar Sader.
Arslan, Amir Shakib. (1983). Kholasat Tarikh Al-Andalus. Manshurat Dar Maktabat Al-Hayat Lil-Tibaa wa Al-Nashr.
Arslan, Amir Shakib. (n.d.). Al-Hulal Al-Sundiyya fi Al-Akhbar wa Al-Athar Al-Andalusiyya. Manshurat Dar Maktabat Al-Hayat.
Al-Turki, Abdullah bin Abdul Mohsen. (2001). Al-Amn Al-Fikri wa 'Inayat Al-Mamlakah Al-Arabiyyah Al-Sa'udiyyah bihi (Lecture).
Al-Hajji, Abdul Rahman Ali. (1981). Al-Tarikh Al-Andalusi min Al-Fath Al-Islami ila Suqut Gharnata (2nd edition). Dar Al-Qalam.
Al-Raghib Al-Isfahani, Abu al-Qasim al-Hussain bin Muhammad. (1108 CE / 502 AH). Al-Mufradat fi Gharib Al-Qur'an (translated by Muhammad Said Kilani). Dar Al-Ma'arifa.
Al-Toukhi, Ahmed Muhammad. (1997). Mazahir Al-Hadhara fi Al-Andalus fi 'Asr Bani Al-Ahmar. Mu'assasat Shabab Al-Jami'a.
Al-Abadi, Ahmed Mukhtar. (n.d.). Dirasat fi Tarikh Al-Maghreb wa Al-Andalus. Mu'assasat Shabab Al-Jami'a.
Al-Omari, Ahmed bin Yahya bin Fadhl Allah Al-Qurashi Al-Adawi, Shihab Al-Din. (1348 CE / 749 AH). Masalik Al-Absar fi Mamalik Al-Amsar. Al-Majma' Al-Thaqafi.
Al-Qalqashandi, Ahmed bin Ali bin Ahmed Al-Fazari. (1418 CE / 821 AH). Subh Al-A'sha fi Kitabat Al-Insha (translated by Abdul Qadir Zakkar). Ministry of Culture.
Al-Mawardi, Abu Al-Hassan Ali bin Muhammad. (1058 CE / 450 AH). Tashil Al-Nazar wa Ta'jil Al-Zafar fi Akhlaq Al-Malik (translated by Mohi Hilal Al-Sarhan and Hassan Al-Saa'ti). Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya.
Al-Maqri, Ahmed bin Muhammad Al-Maqri Al-Tilimsani. (1041 CE / 433 AH). Nafh Al-Tayyib min Ghosn Al-Andalus Al-Ratib (translated by Ihsan Abbas). Dar Sader.
Al-Nasiri, Abu Al-Abbas Ahmed bin Khalid bin Muhammad Al-Nasiri. (1897 CE / 1315 AH). Al-Istiqsa li-Akhbar Duwal Al-Maghreb Al-Aqsa (translated by Jaafar Al-Nasiri and Muhammad Al-Nasiri). Dar Al-Kitab.
Washington Irving. (1996). Alhambra: Qissat Athar Al-Hadhara Al-Arabiyya Al-Thaqafiyya wa Al-Ijtima'iyya 'ala Al-Andalus wa Isbaniya (translated by Hani Yahya Nasri). Markaz Al-Inma' Al-Hadhari.
Jerad, Mushtaq Talib Sarhid. Tikrit University Journal for Humanities, Vol. 28, Issue 12, Part (1) (1443 AH/2021 CE), pp. 325.
Sun Tzu Wu. (2006). The Art of War (translated by Raouf Shabayek).
Abdullah, Khalid Mahmoud. (1996). Mu'ahadat Al-Sulh bayna Al-Andalus wa Al-Mamalik Al-Isbaniyyah (635 AH – 897 AH / 1237 CE – 1492 CE). PhD Dissertation, College of Arts, University of Baghdad.
Anan, Muhammad Abdullah. (1980). Khatrat Al-Taif fi Rahlat Al-Shita' wa Al-Saif (translated by Muhammad Abdullah Anan). Maktabat Al-Khanji.
Anan, Muhammad Abdullah. (1997). Nihayat Al-Andalus wa Tarikh Al-Arab Al-Mutanassirin: Al-Asr Al-Rabi' min Kitab Dawlat Al-Islam fi Al-Andalus. Maktabat Al-Khafaji.
Farhat, Youssef Shukri. (1993). Gharnata fi Zil Bani Al-Ahmar. Dar Al-Jeel.
Levi-Provencal. (1956). A'mal Al-A'lam fi man Bu'iya Qabla Al-Ihtilam min Muluk Al-Islam (translated as "The History of Islamic Spain," 2nd edition). Dar Al-Makshuf.
Muhib Al-Din Al-Khatib. (1928 CE / 1347 AH). Al-Lamha Al-Badriyya fi Al-Dawla Al-Nasriyya (translated by Muhib Al-Din Al-Khatib). Al-Matba'a Al-Salafiyya.
Yaqut Al-Hamawi, Ibn Abdullah Abu Abdullah. (1228 CE / 626 AH). Mu'jam Al-Buldan. Dar Al-Fikr.