Christians of the Levant and Their Role in the Growth of Arab Nationalist Thought during the Reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II until the First Arab Congress (1876-1913 AD)
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Abstract
The study deals with the major role played by the Christians of the Levant in the growth of Arab nationalist thought, which was the nucleus for the emergence of secret and public political associations in The late ninth century and the beginning of the twentieth century. In addition to the emergence of various unions, all of which aimed to keep pace with the cultural, intellectual and scientific development that the world had become at that time, in addition to independence from the Ottoman Empire, the Christians of the Levant had a prominent role in spreading Arab political and intellectual culture in the Arab countries in general, and the Levant in particular. The study also addresses the position of Sultan Abdul Hamid II on the nationalist associations that emerged in the early days of his reign, which were their opinions and ideas within the parliament, the most important voice of which was the Syrian politician Khalil Ghanem, who blatantly criticized Sultan Abdul Hamid II after the parliament was abolished and the constitution was suspended, citing the Ottoman-Russian war of 1877-1878 AD. This prompted Sultan Abdul Hamid II to issue an order to arrest him and all members of the nationalist movement, most of whom were Christians from the Levant, which prompted them to flee outside the Ottoman state. The study also discussed the short-term Arab-Ottoman harmony that the Arabs enjoyed under the rule of the members of the Committee of Union and Progress after the overthrow of Sultan Abdul Hamid II in 1909 AD, which changed into hostility after the Unionists announced the policy of Turkification, and ultimately led to the holding of the First Arab Congress in Paris in 1913 AD, one of the most important decisions of which was separation from the Ottoman Empire.
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