Ahmed Bey's Policy in Updating and Rehabilitating Tunisian Army
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Updating Tunisian army was an important necessity in the face of the dangers that would be faced after the French occupation of Algeria in 1830, the exposure to its borders adjacent to Algeria, as well as the Ottoman presence in Tripoli. Ahmed Bey proceeds to update the army, depending on the military techniques that were available during that time so as to counter any attack against his country. This phase imposed heavy and exhausted taxes –a matter that placed the country in severe financial hardships. Nevertheless, Ahmed Bey continued his work to impose security and control over the country and ward off the dangers surrounding it.
Metrics
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Boubaker (sadek), Laregewce de Tunis oru Xviieme siècle ses relations comer ciovles are cles ports de I'Europe Mediterraneeme: Marseille et Livourwt, Cemtre D'etudes et de recherché ottomans et morisco Andalous ceroma, Zaghoun 1971.
Kenneth Perkins,Tunisia Cross roads Of the Islamic and European Worids, U.S.A, 1968.
Khalifa Chter, Dependence Et Mutation Precoloniales, La Regence De Tunis De 1815-1857, Tunis, 1914.
Mzali. M. S .J. Pigonon, Documents Sur Kheredine- Ames Enfants, Memoires De Ms vie Privee Et Poltique, Revue Tunisenne, No 18, 1934.
Ibrahim Ahmad Muhammad Al-Shayab, Political Life in Tunisia (1857-1881), PhD thesis (unpublished), Jordan, University of Jordan, College of Graduate Studies, 1998.
Ihssan Haqqi Tunisia Arab Beirut House of Culture, printing and publishing, 1961.
Ahmed bin Abi Al-Diaf, The People of Time's Association with the News of the Kings of Tunisia and the Covenant of Safety, Tunisia, Arab Book House, 1999.
Ahmed Ben Amer, Tunisia Throughout History from the Earliest Times to the Proclamation of the Republic, Tunisia, An-Najah Library, 1960.
Amna Ibrahim Abu Hajar, Encyclopedia of Arab Cities, Amman, Usama Publishing House, 2002.
Jean Ganij, The Origins of the French Protectorate over Tunisia 1861-1881, translated by: Adel Ben Youssef, Mohamed Mohsen El-Bawab, Revision by: Ahmed Khaled, Presented by: Mohamed Amira Azira, Tunisia, Al-Barq for Publishing and Distribution, 2012.
The Republic of Tunisia, Ministry of National Defense, the proceedings of the symposium on the history of fortifications in Tunisia 4, 5 and 6 October 1999, Tunisia, Department of Social and Cultural Work, July 2001.
Habib Al-Janhani, The Reform Movement in Tunisia during the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century, Tunisia, Annals of the Tunisian University, No. 6, 1969.
Habib Boularras, History of Tunisia, the most important dates and events from prehistoric times until the revolution, submitted by: Sadiq Ben Mhenni, Tunis, Sras Publishing House, 2015.
Hussein Jabbar Ibrahim, Ayala, Tunisia during the reign of Ahmed Pasha Bey, Beirut, Center for Arab Unity Studies, 1st Edition, 2017.
Hussein Jabbar Ibrahim, Khair al-Din al-Tunisi and his reformist role and intellectual influence 1839-1890, Baghdad, MA (unpublished), Institute of Arab History and Scientific Heritage, 2012.
Rashad Al-Imam, Reform Thinking in Tunisia in the Nineteenth Century until the promulgation of the Aman era, Tunisia, Sahnoun House for Publishing and Distribution, 1st Edition, 2012.
Rafic Said, Cultural Policy in Tunis, Paris, for the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1980.
Shakib Arslan, History of the Ottoman Empire, Beirut, Dar Ibn Katheer, Dar Al-Tarbiah, 1st Edition, 2001.
Al-Shaibani Benbalgheeth, Field Marshal Ahmed Bey's Military Reforms (1837-1855), The Moroccan Historical Journal, Issue 65-66, Zaghouan, 1992.
Al-Shaibani Benbalgheeth, Spotlight on Military History in Tunisia 1837-1917, Sfax, Dar Noha for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, Edition 1, 2003.
Abdul Jalil Al-Tamimi, The Tunisian Army during the Reign of Muhammad Al-Sadiq 1859-1882, Tunis, Sfax University, 1995.
Abdullah Laroui, The Whole History of Morocco, Casablanca, Arab Cultural Center, 2nd Edition, 2009.
Ali Al-Mahjoubi, The Modern Renaissance in the Nineteenth Century: Why It Failed in Egypt and Tunisia and Succeeded in Japan, Tunisia, Sras Publishing House, 1st Edition, 1999.
Van Creiken, Khair El Din and Tunisia 1850-1881, translated by: Bashir Ben Salama, Tunis, Dar Sahnoun, 1988.
Lotfi Bou Ali, The Military Modernization, A Micro-historical Reading of the Tunisian Experience (1830-1881), Tunisia, Sotimmedia for Publishing and Distribution, 1st Edition, 2019.
Mabrouka Al-Saghir, Correspondence between the Ayala of Tunisia and the Ottoman Authority during the 19th Century (1806-1880), Inventory and Analysis, Master Thesis (unpublished), Tunis, University of Tunis, 2016.
Mahjoub Smirani, The Tunisian Army (1831-1881), Tributary of Renaissance and Reform, Tunisia, Sotemedia Publishing and Distribution, 2017.
Muhammad al-Azhar al-Gharbi, Mahmoud ibn Ayyad and his wealth 1810-1880, a model of the stored family wealth in the nineteenth century, PhD thesis, Tunis, University of Tunis, 2013.
Muhammad Al-Hammas, The Industrialization Movement during the Reign of Ahmed Bey (1837-1855), PhD thesis (unpublished), Tunis, Tunis First University, Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences, 1993.
Muhammad Bayram V, the elite of consideration in the warehouse of the cities and countries, Beirut, Dar Sader, 1885, Part 1.
Mahmoud Abdel-Mawla, The Evolution of Economic and Social Thought Through the Ages, Tunisia, The Tunisian Company for Distribution, 2nd Edition, 1979.
Al-Hadi Al-Timoumi, The Peasants' Uprisings in the History of Tunisia, Example 1906, Tunisia, House of Wisdom, 1993.
Al-Hadi Al-Taymoumi, Tunisia and Modernization, (1831-1877) The First Constitution in the Islamic World, Tunisia, Muhammad Ali Publishing House, 1st Edition, 2010.
Yilmaz Oztuna, History of the Ottoman Empire, Istanbul, Faysal Finance Corporation, 1990, Part 2.