Main Article Content

Majid Ameen Fadhil
m.ma73@yahoo.com

Abstract

The research is titled “Gharar Sales” (selected models), the research is divided into three demands, the first requirement: defining the terms of the title, and the second requirement: selling before taking possession, selling what one cannot deliver, and selling what is not with a person, and in the third requirement: selling anonymously Destiny, and the suspension of the sale on a future condition, and these sales are forbidden by the Sharia, and they are deception sales, and their ruling is prohibition, according to the agreement of the jurists of the four Islamic schools, Sale is a means of transferring money from one person to another, and the sale contract is valid if it is free from ignorance, and it does not contain danger, fraud, or the destruction of the sold, or the loss of one of the two sellers, Sayings, and at the end of the research, the conclusion came with the most important results, including: that the sale of deception is a legally void sale, and it is not permissible to deal with it by Muslims because of the fraud, ignorance, fraud, and deceit by one of the sellers, and thus leads to disputes, enmity and hatred, and trials to the judiciary, and deception sales have negative effects on the country's economy.      

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Article Details

How to Cite
Fadhil, M. A. (2023). Gharar Sales (Selected Models). Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities, 30(6, 2), 181–199. https://doi.org/10.25130/jtuh.30.6.2.2023.10
Section
Articles

References

The Holy Quran.

• Ibn al-Farra, Judge Abu Ya’la, Muhammad ibn al-Husayn ibn Muhammad ibn Khalaf, known as Ibn al-Farra (died: 458 AH), the great commentary on issues of dispute on the doctrine of Ahmed, 1st edition, (investigation: a specialized committee of investigators under the supervision of Nour al-Din Talib) Dar Al-Nawader, 2010.

• Ibn al-Farra, Judge Abu Yala, Muhammad ibn al-Husayn ibn Muhammad ibn Khalaf, known as Ibn al-Farra (deceased: 458 AH), jurisprudential issues from the book “The Two Narratives and the Two Faces,” 1st edition, (investigated by: Dr. Abdul Karim bin Muhammad al-Lahim), Knowledge Library, Riyadh, 1985 AD.

• Ibn Arafa, Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Arafa al-Wargami al-Tunisi al-Maliki, Abu Abdullah (died: 803 AH), the jurisprudential summary of Ibn Arafa, 1st edition, (Check: Dr. Hafez Abd al-Rahman Muhammad Khair), Khalaf Ahmad al-Khabtoor Foundation for Charitable Works, 20144 AH.

• Ibn Qasim, Muhammad bin Qasim bin Muhammad bin Muhammad, Abu Abdullah, Shams Al-Din Al-Ghazi, Fath Al-Qareeb Al-Mujib in Explanation of the Words of Taqreeb, I 1, Al-Jaffan and Al-Jabi for Printing and Publishing, Dar Ibn Hazm for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, Beirut - Lebanon, 225 AD.

• Ibn Qudamah al-Maqdisi, Abu Muhammad Muwaffaq al-Din Abdullah ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Qudamah al-Jama’ili al-Maqdisi and then al-Dimashqi al-Hanbali, known as Ibn Qudama al-Maqdisi (died: 620 AH), al-Kafi fi Fiqh of Imam Ahmad, I 1, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, 1994 AD.

• Ibn Qudamah, Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Qudama al-Maqdisi al-Jama’ili al-Hanbali (died: 682 AH), the great explanation on the board of al-Muqna’, without edition, Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi for Publishing and Distribution, undated.

• Ibn Manzur, Muhammad bin Makram bin Ali, Abu Al-Fadl, Jamal Al-Din Ibn Manzur Al-Ansari (deceased: 711 AH), Lisan Al-Arab, 3rd edition, Dar Sadiq - Beirut, 1414 AH.

• Ibn Najim, Zain al-Din bin Ibrahim bin Muhammad, known as Ibn Najim al-Masry (died: 970 AH), The Similarities and Isotopes of Ibn Najim, 1st Edition, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, Beirut - Lebanon, 1999 AD.

• Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Idris al-Sinhaji al-Qarafi, year of birth without / year of death 684 AH, differences by al-Qarafi, without edition, (investigation: Khalil al-Mansur), Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya - Beirut, 1998 AD.

• Abu Zakaria Muhyi al-Din Yahya bin Sharaf al-Nawawi (died: 676 AH), al-Majmoo’ Sharh al-Muhadhab, without edition, Dar al-Fikr, without date.

• Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Ahmed bin Abi Bakr bin Farah Al-Ansari Al-Khazraji Shams Al-Din Al-Qurtubi (died: 671 AH), Tafsir Al-Qurtubi, I, (Edited by: Ahmed Al-Baradouni and Ibrahim Atfayesh), Egyptian Book House - Cairo, 1964 AD.

• Ahmed Abu Abdullah Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Hanbal bin Hilal bin Assad Al Shaibani (died: 241 AH), Musnad of Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal, 1st edition, (Investigated by: Shuaib Al-Arnaout and others), Al-Resala Foundation, 2001 AD.

• Al-Azdi, Abu Bakr Muhammad bin Al-Hasan bin Duraid Al-Azdi (died: 321 AH), Jamhrat Al-Lughah, 1st Edition, (Investigated by: Ramzi Munir Baalbaki), Dar Al-Ilm for Millions - Beirut, 1987 AD.

• The Imam of the Two Holy Mosques, Abd al-Malik ibn Abdullah ibn Yusuf ibn Muhammad al-Juwayni, Abu al-Ma’ali, Rukn al-Din, nicknamed the Imam of the Two Holy Mosques (died: 478 AH), the end of the requirement in Derayah Madhhab, 1st Edition, (Investigated by: Prof. Dr. Abdul Azim Mahmoud al-Deeb ), Dar Al-Minhaj, 007 AD.

• Al-Babarti, Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Mahmoud, Akmal Al-Din Abu Abdullah Ibn Sheikh Shams Al-Din Ibn Sheikh Jamal Al-Din Al-Rumi Al-Babarti (died: 786 AH), Al-Inayah Sharh Al-Hidaya, without edition and without date, Dar Al-Fikr.

• Al-Bukhari, Muhammad bin Ismail Abu Abdullah Al-Bukhari Al-Jaafi, Sahih Al-Bukhari, 1st Edition, (Investigated by: Muhammad Zuhair bin Nasser Al-Nasser), Dar Touq Al-Najat, 1422 AH.

• Battal, Muhammad bin Ahmed bin Muhammad bin Suleiman bin Batal Al-Raqbi, Abu Abdullah, known as Battal (died: 633 AH), the tortured systems in the interpretation of strange polite words, without edition, (investigation: Dr. Mustafa Abdel Hafeez Salem), Library Al-Tijaria - Makkah Al-Mukarramah, 1988 AD.

• Bin Maza, Abu Al-Ma’ali Burhan Al-Din Mahmoud bin Ahmed bin Abdul Aziz bin Omar bin Maza Al-Bukhari Al-Hanafi (died: 616 AH), Al-Muhit Al-Burhani in Al-No’mani Jurisprudence, 1st Edition, (Investigated by: Abdul Karim Sami Al-Jundi), Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, Beirut - Lebanon, 2004 AD.

• Al-Bahooti, Mansour bin Younis bin Salah Al-Din bin Hassan bin Idris Al-Bahooti Al-Hanbali (died: 1051 AH), Explanation of Muntaha Al-Iradat, I 1, Alam Al-Kutub, 1993 AD.

• Al-Tirmidhi, Muhammad bin Issa bin Surah bin Musa bin Al-Dahhak, Al-Tirmidhi, Abu Issa (died: 279 AH), Sunan Al-Tirmidhi, 2nd edition, (Investigated by: Ahmed Muhammad Shaker), Mustafa Al-Babi Al-Halabi Library and Press Company - Egypt, 1970 AD.

• Al-Jurjani, Ali bin Muhammad bin Ali Al-Zain Al-Sharif Al-Jerjani (died: 816 AH), definitions, 1st edition, (investigation: a group of scholars), Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmia, Beirut - Lebanon, 1983 AD.

• Khalaf bin Abi Al-Qasim Muhammad, Al-Azdi Al-Qayrawani, Abu Saeed Ibn Al-Barathi Al-Maliki (died: 372 AH), Al-Tahdheeb fi Shortening Al-Mudawwana, 1st Edition, (Investigated by: Dr. Muhammad Al-Amin Ould Muhammad Salem bin Al-Sheikh), Research House for Islamic Studies and Heritage Revival, Dubai, 2002 AD .

• Dr. Daoud Salih Abdullah, Need and its Impact on Financial Transactions and Their Applications at Hanafi, Tikrit University Journal for Human Sciences, Volume 16, Issue (1), 2009 AD.

• Dr. Jawad Ali (deceased: 1408 AH), the detailed in the history of the Arabs before Islam, without edition, Dar Al-Saqi, 2001 AD.

• Al-Razi, Zain Al-Din Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Abi Bakr bin Abdul Qadir Al-Hanafi Al-Razi (died: 666 AH), Mukhtar Al-Sahah, 5th floor, (Investigated by: Youssef Sheikh Muhammad), Al-Asriya Library - Al-Dar Al-Tamheel, Beirut - Saida, 1999 AD.

• Al-Ruyani, Abu Al-Mahasin Abdul-Wahed bin Ismail (died 502 AH), Bahr al-Madhab (On the Branches of the Shafi’i School), 1st Edition, (Investigated by: Tariq Fathi al-Sayed), Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, 2009 AD.

• Al-Zayla’i, Jamal Al-Din Abu Muhammad Abdullah bin Yousef bin Muhammad Al-Zaila’i (deceased: 762 AH), Raya Monument, 1st Edition, (Investigated by: Muhammad Awamah), Al-Rayyan Foundation for Printing and Publishing - Beirut - Lebanon / Dar Al-Qibla for Islamic Culture - Jeddah - Saudi Arabia , 1997 AD.

• Al-Sarakhsi, Muhammad bin Ahmad bin Abi Sahl Shams Al-Imaam Al-Sarkhi (died: 483 AH), Al-Mabsout, without edition, Dar Al-Maarifa - Beirut, 1993 AD.

• Al-Shaibani, Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Al-Hassan bin Farqad Al-Shaibani (died: 189 AH), the original, 1st edition, (investigated by: Dr. Muhammad Buinoklan), Dar Ibn Hazm, Beirut - Lebanon, 2012 AD.

• Al-Shirazi, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim bin Ali bin Yusuf Al-Shirazi (died: 476 AH), the polite in the jurisprudence of Imam Al-Shafi’i, without edition and without date.

• Al-Sawy, Abu Al-Abbas Ahmed bin Muhammad Al-Khilouti, known as Al-Sawy Al-Maliki (died: 1241 AH), Al-Sawy’s footnote on the small explanation, without edition, Dar Al-Maaref, without date.

• Al-Tabarani, Suleiman bin Ahmed bin Ayoub bin Mutair Al-Lakhmi Al-Shami, Abu Al-Qasim Al-Tabarani (deceased: 360 AH), Al-Mu’jam Al-Kabeer, 2nd Edition, (Investigated by: Hamdi bin Abdul Majeed Al-Salafi), Ibn Taymiyyah Library - Cairo, undated.

• Al-Tahawy, Abu Jaafar Ahmed bin Muhammad bin Salama bin Abdul-Malik bin Salama Al-Azdi Al-Hajari Al-Masry known as Al-Tahawi (died: 321 AH), a summary of the differences of scholars, 2nd edition, (Investigated by: Dr. Abdullah Nazir Ahmed), Dar Al-Bashaer Islamic House - Beirut, 1417 AH.

• Abd al-Rahman ibn Ibrahim ibn Ahmad, Abu Muhammad Bahaa al-Din al-Maqdisi (died: 624 AH), al-Iddah Sharh al-Umda, without edition, Dar al-Hadith, Cairo, 2003 AD.

• Abdul Rahman bin Muhammad bin Suleiman, called Sheikhi Zadeh (died: 1078 AH), Al-Anhar Complex in explaining the Al-Abhar Forum, without edition, Arab Heritage Revival House, no date.

• Al-Adawi, Abu Al-Hassan, Ali bin Ahmed bin Makram Al-Saeedi Al-Adawi (deceased: 1189 AH), Al-Adawi’s footnote on explaining the adequacy of the divine student, without edition, (investigated by: Youssef Sheikh Muhammad Al-Baq’i), Dar Al-Fikr - Beirut, 1994 AD.

• Ali ibn Abi Bakr ibn Abd al-Jalil al-Farghani al-Marghinani, Abu al-Hasan Burhan al-Din (died: 593 AH), al-Hidaya fi explaining the beginning of al-Mubtada, without edition (investigation: Talal Youssef), Arab Heritage Revival House - Beirut - Lebanon, undated.

• Ali Haidar Khawaja Amin Effendi (died: 1353 AH), Durar Al-Hakam in explaining the Journal of Al-Ahkam, 1st Edition, Dar Al-Jeel, 1991 AD.

• Al-Omrani, Abu Al-Hussein Yahya bin Abi Al-Khair bin Salem Al-Yamani Al-Yamani Al-Shafi’i (died: 558 AH), The Statement on the Doctrine of Imam Al-Shafi’i, 1st Edition, (Investigated by: Qasim Muhammad Al-Nouri), Dar Al-Minhaj - Jeddah, 2000 AD.

• Al-Ghitabi, Abu Muhammad Mahmoud bin Ahmed bin Musa bin Ahmed bin Hussein Al-Ghitabi, the Hanafi Badr Al-Din Al-Aini (died: 855 AH), Umdat Al-Qari, Sharh Sahih Al-Bukhari, without edition, House of Revival of Arab Heritage - Beirut, undated.

• Al-Farahidi, Abu Abdul Rahman Al-Khalil bin Ahmed bin Amr bin Tamim Al-Farahidi Al-Basri (died: 170 AH), Al-Ain book, without edition, (investigation: Dr. Mahdi Al-Makhzoumi, Dr. Ibrahim Al-Samarrai), Al-Hilal House and Library, no date.

• Judge Al-Ishbili, Muhammad bin Abdullah Abu Bakr bin Al-Arabi Al-Ma’afari Al-Ishbili Al-Maliki (deceased: 543 AH), tracts in the explanation of Muwatta Malik, I 1, Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami, 200 AD.

• Al-Qarafi, Abu Al-Abbas Ahmed bin Idris Al-Sinhaji Al-Qarafi, year of birth without / year of death 684 AH, differences for Al-Qarafi, without edition, (investigation: Khalil Al-Mansour), Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya - Beirut, 1998 AD.

• Al-Qarafi, Abu Al-Abbas Shihab Al-Din Ahmed bin Idris bin Abdul Rahman Al-Maliki, known as Al-Qarafi (deceased: 684 AH), Al-Thakhira, 1st edition, (investigated by: Muhammad Abu Khabza), Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami - Beirut, 1994 AD.

• Al-Kasani, Aladdin, Abu Bakr bin Masoud bin Ahmed Al-Kasani Al-Hanafi (deceased: 587 AH), Badaa’ Al-Sana’i in the arrangement of the laws, 2nd edition, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, 1986 AD.

• Al-Mawardi, Abu Al-Hassan Ali bin Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Habib Al-Basri Al-Baghdadi, known as Al-Mawardi (died: 450 AH), Al-Hawi Al-Kabeer, 1st Edition, (investigated by: Sheikh Ali Muhammad Moawad - Sheikh Adel Ahmed Abdel Mawgod), Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, Beirut - Lebanon, 1999.

• Muhammad bin Saleh bin Muhammad Al-Uthaymeen (deceased: 1421 AH), Al-Sharh al-Mumti’ Ali Zad Al-Mustaqni’, 1, Dar Ibn Al-Jawzi, 1428 AH.

• Muhammad bin Ali bin Muhammad bin Abdullah al-Shawkani al-Yamani (died: 1250 AH), Fath al-Qadir, 1, Dar Ibn Katheer, Dar al-Kalim al-Tayyib - Damascus, Beirut, 1414 AH.

• Muhammad Rawas Qalaji - Hamid Sadiq Qunaibi, Dictionary of the Language of Jurists, 2nd Edition, Dar Al-Nafais for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, 1988 AD.

• Muhammad Qadri Pasha (died: 1306 AH), Murshid al-Hiran to Know the Conditions of Man, 2nd Edition, the Grand Princely Press in Bulaq, 1891 AD.

• Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj Abu al-Hasan al-Qushayri al-Nisaburi (died: 261 AH), Sahih Muslim, without edition, (investigation: Muhammad Fouad Abd al-Baqi), Arab Heritage Revival House - Beirut, without date.

• Al-Maknasi, Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Ahmed bin Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Ali bin Ghazi Al-Othmani Al-Maknasi (died: 919 AH), Shifa Al-Ghalil in a closed solution, Khalil, 1st edition, (Investigated by: Dr. Ahmed bin Abdul Karim Najib), Najibawih Center for Manuscripts and Service Heritage, Cairo - Arab Republic of Egypt, 2008AD.

• Musa bin Ahmed bin Musa bin Salem bin Issa bin Salem al-Hajjawi al-Maqdisi, then al-Salihi, Sharaf al-Din, Abu al-Naga (died: 968 AH), persuasion in the jurisprudence of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal, without edition, (investigation: Abdul Latif Muhammad Musa al-Sabki) House of Knowledge, Beirut - Lebanon, undated.

• An-Nasa’i, Abu Abd al-Rahman Ahmad Ibn Shuaib Ibn Ali al-Khorasani, an-Nasa’i (deceased: 303 AH), Sunan al-Nisa’i, 2nd Edition, (Investigated by: Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghuddah), Islamic Publications Office - Aleppo, 1986 AD.

• Al-Nawawi, Abu Zakaria Muhyi Al-Din Yahya bin Sharaf Al-Nawawi (died: 676 AH), Al-Majmoo’ Sharh Al-Muhadhab, without edition, Dar Al-Fikr, without date.

• Majid Ameen Fadhil, Legal Rules on self-preservation from the Covid 19 pandemic, Tikrit University Journal for Human Sciences, Volume 29, Issue (7), 2022.