The Position of the Afaq Movement (Tunisia) on Internal Political Issues 1963-1969
Main Article Content
Abstract
As a result of the difficult economic conditions that Tunisia experienced in the sixties of the twentieth century, especially after obtaining complete independence and the nationalization of most colonial projects in Tunisia, which led to the exit of most of the French and European settlers from it, and thus the exodus of foreign capital, which was the mainstay of the Tunisian economy, which led to the deterioration of the situation The economic situation in Tunisia due to the vacuum created by the exit of foreign capital, which prompted the Tunisian regime to search for solutions to fill that vacuum and improve the economic situation, so it began to move from the liberal free economy to the socialist direction in the economy without in-depth study of it, which eventually led to the deterioration of people’s conditions This made the opposition parties and movements, especially the Afaq movement (Tunisia), criticize the economic policy adopted by the Tunisian regime, which called for an in-depth review to study the country’s economic structure and to develop urgent and immediate plans to improve the economic situation in Tunisia. The economic situation of Tunisia, therefore, the position of the Afaq movement on all the internal policies pursued by the Tunisian regime is in opposition to it Her call for the regime to open more for freedom and to involve all other political forces in drawing up an internal policy that can bring the country to safety.
Metrics
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Ibrahim Toubal, The Fall of Bourguiba, The Historical and Political Development of the Tunisian National Movement, The Tunisian Opposition Series, 1992.
Ibrahim Tobal, The Tragedy of Ahmed bin Saleh, Socialist Disinformation in the Bourguibi Regime, Dar Al-Awda, Beirut, 1971.
Ahmed El Mestiri, Memories of History (Memories, Reflections and Commentary on a Period of Contemporary History of Tunisia and the Maghreb 1940-1990, and Revolution (2010-2011), Dar Al Janoub, Tunisia, 2011
Ahmed Bensalah, Tunisia, Development, Society and Politics, Dialogue: Mark Nervan, Dar Al-Kalima Publishing, Beirut, 1980.
Ahmed Khaled, Leader Farhat Hashad, His Life, Struggle, Thought and Writings, Zuwara Publications, Tunisia, 2007.
Ahmed Karoud, from the lessons of Sheikh Khalif in Kairouan Mosque to the Maoist left, testimony of Abdeljalil Bougherra, Afaq Perspective Publishing House, Tunisia, 2017.
Al-Tali'a Newspaper, Issue (123), the third year, on March 17, 1965.
Al-Qabas Newspaper, Issue (4918), dated 20/1/1986. 15. Al-Watan Newspaper, Issue 4063, Kuwait on 12/6/1986.
Hassan Ibn Al-Toumi Shatbouri, Internal Political, Economic and Social Developments in Tunisia, PhD thesis (unpublished), College of Education (Ibn Rushd), University of Baghdad, 2003
Hamma Hammami, Tunisian Society, a socio-economic study, Samed for Publishing and Distribution, Tunisia, 1989
Khalifa Al-Shater, Tunisia Throughout History, the National Movement and the State of Independence, Center for Economic and Social Studies and Research, Tunis, 2005, Part 3.
Rashid Al-Thawadi, Heroes and Martyrs, Al-Hayat Press, Tunisia, 1968.
Raghda Abdul-Imam Fayez Youssef, Muhammad Mazali and his political and cultural role in Tunisia 1925-1968, MA thesis (unpublished), University of Basra, College of Education, 2015.
Salem El-Haddad, Movements of Rejection of the Bourguiba Regime between Peaceful Protest and Armed Rebellion, Art Print Press, Tunisia, 2017.
Salem Al-Mansoori, Ahmed bin Saleh and Zamana, presented by: Professor Al-Shazly Al-Qalibi, Nirvana Publications, Tunisia, d.T.
Saad Tawfiq Aziz, The Tunisian General Labor Union between 1970-1987, Journal of Education and Science, Vol. 19, No. 4, 2012.
Saad Tawfiq Aziz, The Labor Movement in Tunisia (1946-1956) Its Inception and its Political, Economic and Social Role, MA thesis (unpublished), College of Arts, University of Mosul, Iraq, 2005.
Saima Ali Mahdi Al-Maamouri, The Role of Parties in the Tunisian Political System after the Change, Master's Thesis (unpublished), College of Political Science, Al-Mustansiriya University, 2017.
Labor newspaper (Tunisia), issue 5010 dated October 23, 1971.
Safaa Hussein Turki Al-Aysari, Ahmed bin Saleh and his political role in Tunisia until 1973, MA thesis (unpublished), College of Education for Human Sciences, Tikrit University, 2020.
Taher Belkhoja, Habib Bourguiba, biography of a leader, witness to the era, Dar Al-Thaqafa Publishing, Cairo, 1999.
Adel Ben Youssef, Women and Power in Tunisia during the Rule of Bourguiba Wassila Bint Ammar as a Model, Al-Tamimi Foundation for Scientific Research, Tunisia, 2005.
Abdel Karim Qaboos, The Student Movement at the Tunisian University - March 1968 - Causes and Repercussions, Magharebia for printing and publicity, Tunisia, 2021.
Abdeljalil Bougherra, Chapters from the History of the Tunisian Left - How the Communists and the Perspective Confronted the One-Party System 1963-1981, Dar Afaq - Perspective Publishing, Tunisia, 2012.
Abdeljalil Bougherra, from the secret history of the Tunisian left, the Afaq and Fath al-Afaq movement (1963-1974), Dar Afaq - Perspective Publishing, 2nd edition, Tunis, 2014.
Abdeljalil Bougherra, From the History of Political Trials in Tunisia, The Left Before the State Security Court in 1968, Afaq Publishing House, Tunis, 2015.
Abdel Latif Al-Hermasy, State and Development in the Arab Maghreb (Tunisia as a Model), Dar Seras Publishing, Tunis, 1993.
Abdel Wahab Al Kayyali, The Political Encyclopedia, The Arab Foundation for Studies and Publishing, Beirut, 1994, vol. 1.
Adnan Al-Mansir, The Party - The State - The Syndicate, Introduction to the Study of the Issue of Trade Union Independence in Tunisia through Crises (1924, 1937, 1956, 1978), Journal of Human Sciences, No. 159-160, Tunis, 1992.
Omar Khaled Abbas Al-Jourani, The Constitutional Socialist Party and its Role in Tunisian Political Life 1964-1988, Master's Thesis (unpublished), Al-Turbah College for Human Sciences, Tikrit University, 2019.
Omar Abdel Hammadi Manfi, The Role of the United States of America in Political Transformations in Tunisia 1956-1970, Master's Thesis (unpublished), Department of Geography and History, College of Education, Gezira University, Sudan, 2019.
Awwad Ibrahim Khader, Perspective Movement (Horizons) Tunisia, Conditions of Founding and Factors of Collapse 1963-1969, Journal of Tikrit University for Human Sciences, Volume (28), No. (2), 2021.
Fatima Ben Salem, Trade Union Action for the Trade Union Fighter Abdulaziz Bouraoui 1923 - 2008, Master's Thesis (unpublished), Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Sfax, Tunisia, 2021.
Qassem Zghair Kazem, The New Tunisian Constitutional Free Party and Its Political Role in Tunisia 1934-1956, MA thesis (unpublished), College of Arts, University of Basra, 1981.
Al-Tadamun Magazine, Issue 145, London, January, 1986.
Future Magazine, Issue (490), Beirut, on 12/7/1986.
The Tunisian Truth Group, The Bourguibi Regime, The Political and Economic Crisis, Dar Ibn Khaldoun, Tunisia, 1980.
Group of Authors, Horizons Association of the Tunisian Worker for Memory and the Future, Perspective Movement / Tunisian Worker, History and Extension, Proceedings of the International Symposium to Celebrate the 50th Anniversary of Perspective’s creation (18-19-20 December 2013), National Library, Tunis, 2016.
Majid Khadduri, Contemporary Arabs, United House for Publishing, Cairo, 1973.
Muhammad Al-Rahmouni, Secularists in Tunisia, The Conflict of Thought and Politics, Nama Center for Research and Studies, Beirut, 2013.
Muhammad Buddhina, Famous Tunisians, 3rd Edition, Muhammad Buddhina Publications, Tunisia, 2001.
Memoirs of Ahmed bin Saleh,
ar.wikipedia.or.
Douglas E. Ashford , Neo Destour Leader Ship and The Confiscated Revolution, world Politics, Vol. XVI, 1964.
Habib Achour, Ma Vie Politigue et Syndicale: en Thousiasme et deceptions 1944-1981, Alif-Editions de Ia Mediterranee, Tunis, 1989
Jean Poncet, La Tunisiea La recherché de Son Arenir, Paris, 1974.
Klement Henry Moore, Tunisia since inde pendence The Dynamics of one – party Gouvern ment, Los Anglas 1965.
www.Aljazeera.net.