Ottoman Conquest of Crimea in 1475 A.D
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Abstract
Crimea is located in southern Russia on the northern coast of the Black Sea, and covers an area of twenty-six square kilometers. The word Crimea means the castle in the Tatar language who were the original inhabitants of Crimea, who conquered it in the thirteenth century AD and succeeded in establishing the Principality of the Golden Tribe, which extended its control over the Crimea.
The Republic of Genoa had been able to establish a colony in Cava since 1266 AD, and over time it became the port of Cava, the main port for the commercial activity of Genoa in the Crimea. Although an agreement was signed between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Genoa on March 11, 1454 AD, the acquisition of the Genoa merchants over the Black Sea trade disturbed the Ottoman Sultan Muhammad al-Fateh (1451-14181), which prompted him to make a decision that an Ottoman force should be dispatched to conquer the Crimea island, and he managed an Ottoman fleet led by the Grand Vizier, Kadak Ahmad Pasha, flattened from the conquest of Crimea on June 9, 1475 CE, after he seized cities including Mankub, Corvoa, Toaqaq, and other cities affiliated with Crimea, and thus subjected the entire Crimean peninsula to Ottoman sovereignty, and some counted the Crimea as one of the most important regions That fell under the rule of Ottoman distinctive strategic location and the large number of its resources and impregnable fortifications
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