The Umayyad Caliphate in Cordoba: Its Contributions to the Development of Intellectual and Scientific Life in Andalusia (317-422 AH / 929-1031 AD)
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This research focuses on studying the impact of the Umayyad Caliphate in Córdoba (929-1031 AD) on the development of intellectual and scientific life in Andalusia, and how this period contributed to the transfer of knowledge to Europe. The research problem lies in the absence of comprehensive studies that focus on the impact of the Umayyad Caliphate in Andalusia in the scientific and cultural fields, particularly regarding the role of Córdoba as a leading scientific center during the Middle Ages. The main question of this study is how did the Umayyad Caliphate in Córdoba contribute to the development of intellectual and scientific life in Andalusia, and what was its role in transferring this knowledge to Europe? The significance of this research lies in highlighting the role of the Umayyad Caliphate in supporting sciences and arts in Andalusia, and how this period contributed to the transmission of knowledge to Europe through translations, libraries, and scientific institutions.
The research methodology is based on the descriptive-analytical approach, examining historical and literary sources related to the Umayyad Caliphate, with a focus on its role in supporting sciences and intellectual thought in Andalusia, in addition to analyzing its cultural and scientific impact on Europe.
Metrics
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Abbas, Ihsan. The Gate of Islam: History of Andalusian Literature (The Era of Cordoba’s Dominance), Vol. 2. Accessed on July 19, 2011, p. 76.
Abdel-Daim, Abdel. History of Education from Ancient Times to the Early 20th Century, Dar Al-Ilm Lil-Malayeen, Beirut, 1st ed., 1973, p. 87.
Abdel-Daim, Abdel. History of Education from Ancient Times to the Early 20th Century, same source, p. 88.
Abdeljawad, Tawfiq Ahmed. History of Islamic Architecture and Arts, Dar Al-Kutub, 1970, p. 65.
Abdul Aziz Muhammad Al-Husseini. Scientific Life in the Islamic State, Agency of Publications, Kuwait, 1973, p. 123.
Al-Andalusi, Abu al-Qasim Sa'id ibn Ahmed ibn Sa'id (d. 1069). Classes of Nations, edited by Louis Cheikho, Jesuit Press, Beirut, 1912, p. 220.
Al-Badri, Abdul Latif. The Request for Knowledge among the Arabs. Dar Al-Hurriya Printing, Baghdad, 1978, p. 77.
Al-Bushri, Saad Abdullah Saleh. Scientific Life during the Caliphate in Andalusia. Institute of Scientific Research and the Revival of Islamic Heritage, (Mecca, 1997), p. 74.
Al-Khatabi, Muhammad Al-Arabi. Medicine and Doctors in Andalusia, Dar Al-Gharb, Beirut, 1988, p. 323.
Al-Salabi, Ali Muhammad. The Umayyad State: Factors of Prosperity and Consequences of Decline. Iqra Foundation, Cairo, 1st ed., 2005, p. 121.
Al-Salih, Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Salih. The Mosque: A Place of Worship and Learning, 1st ed., 2000, p. 54.
Al-Samarra'i, Khalil Ibrahim, Abdul Wahid Dhannun Taha, and Natiq Saleh Maqtool. Andalusian History from the Conquest of Andalusia to the Fall of Granada, Mosul University, (Mosul, 1986), p. 75.
Al-Sarjani, Raghib. The Story of Islam: Abd al-Rahman Al-Dakhel, The Falcon of Quraish - The Story of Al-Andalus. Accessed on July 18, 2011, p. 66.
Al-Zayad, Ahmed Hassan. History of Arabic Literature, Dar Al-Thaqafa, Beirut, 26th ed., 2008, p. 121.
Al-Zirkali, Khayr Al-Din. Al-A'lam. Dar Al-Ilm Lil-Malayeen, 15th ed., Beirut, 2002, p. 209.
Amna Hamid Hamza. Pharmacists and Herbalists in Andalusia, MA thesis presented to the Faculty of Arts, University of Baghdad, 2007, p. 87.
Anan, Muhammad Abdullah. The Islamic State in Andalusia, Al-Khanji Library, Cairo, 1969, p. 133.
Anan, Muhammad Abdullah. The Islamic State in Andalusia, Vol. 8 (The Remaining Andalusian Monuments in Spain and Portugal). The Egyptian General Book Organization - Family Library, 2001, pp. 80-92.
Anan, Muhammad Abdullah. The Islamic State in Andalusia, Vol. 8 (The Remaining Andalusian Monuments in Spain and Portugal). The Egyptian General Book Organization - Family Library, 2001, pp. 18-34.
Anani, Muhammad Zakaria. History of Andalusian Literature. Dar Al-Ma'arifah Al-Jami'ah, 1999, p. 42.
Bal'arabi, Khaled. The Development of Medical Sciences during the Umayyad Caliphate in Andalusia and Their Impact on the Advancement of Human Civilization, 2021, p. 64.
Bishtawi, Adel. The Craft of Speech: The Economy of Andalusia: Agriculture, Industry, and Trade. Accessed on July 20, 2011, p. 121.
Boudah, Najadi. Mathematics and Astronomy in Andalusia from the Caliphate Era to the Fall of the Almoravids, 2016, p. 78.
Boudah, Najadi. Mathematics and Astronomy in Andalusia from the Caliphate Era to the Fall of the Almoravids, p. 88.
Boudah, Najadi. Mathematics and Astronomy in Andalusia from the Caliphate Era to the Fall of the Almoravids, p. 89.
Boudah, Najadi. Mathematics and Astronomy in Andalusia from the Caliphate Era to the Fall of the Almoravids, p. 93.
Dozy, Reinhardt. Chapter 14: Al-Mahdi, the Berbers, and Hisham ibn al-Hakam and the Berbers. Muslims in Andalusia, Part II: Islamic Spain. Cairo: The Egyptian General Book Organization, p. 169.
Dr. Absam Abdul Hamid Al-Hussein, Urban Relations between the Levant and Andalusia in the First, Sixth and Seventh Centuries AH, Ministry of Education, Open College of Education - Samarra, Tikrit University Journal for Humanities, Vol. 29, No. 10, Part 1, 2023.
Dweidar, Hassan Yousef. "The Religious State" The Andalusian Society during the Umayyad Period. Cairo: Al-Hussein Islamic Press, p. 135.
Dweidar, Hassan Yousef. "The Scientific and Cultural State" The Andalusian Society during the Umayyad Period. Cairo: Al-Hussein Islamic Press, 1994, p. 380.
Dweidar, Hassan Yousef. "The Social Life" The Andalusian Society during the Umayyad Period. Cairo: Al-Hussein Islamic Press, 1994, pp. 201-333.
Hakim Ahmed Mam Bakr. The Translation Movement in Andalusia and Its Role in European Scientific Progress, 2017, p. 11.
Hakim Ahmed Mam Bakr. The Translation Movement in Andalusia and Its Role in European Scientific Progress, same source, p. 12.
Hamidan, Zuhair. The Figures of Arab-Islamic Civilization in Basic and Applied Sciences in Andalusia, Morocco, Algeria, Libya, and Tunisia. Syrian Ministry of Culture, (Damascus, 1996), p. 112.
Hider Ali Hawl, The Flourishing of Medical Sciences in Andalusia and Their Impact on Europe: A Study of the Book “Arab Civilization” by French Orientalist Jacques Risler, 2022, p. 168.
Ibn Abi Ubaida, Abu al-Hasan Al-Mukhtar ibn Al-Hasan Al-Tabeeb (d. 1054). The Call of Doctors, edited by Bashara Zalzel, Khidawiya Press, Alexandria, 1901, p. 43.
Ibn Adhari, Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Muhammad Al-Marrakshi (d. 1312). The Moroccan Statement on the News of Andalusia and Morocco, edited by J. S. Coulon & Lévi-Provençal, Dar Al-Thaqafa, Beirut, 1983, p. 78.
Ibn Al-Abar, Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abi Bakr Al-Qudai (d. 1260). The Supplement to the Book of the Connection, edited by Abdul Salam Al-Harras, Dar Al-Fikr, Beirut, 1995, p. 98.
Ibn Al-Faradi, Abu Al-Walid Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al-Azdi (d. 1021). History of Scholars and Narrators in Andalusia, edited by Izzat Al-Attar, Library of Religious Culture, Cairo, 1954, p. 121.
Ibn Batlan, Abu al-Hasan Al-Mukhtar ibn Al-Hasan Al-Tabeeb (d. 1054). The Call of Doctors, edited by Bashara Zalzel, Khidawiya Press, Alexandria, 1901, p. 54.
Ibn Batlan, Abu al-Hasan Al-Mukhtar ibn Al-Hasan Al-Tabeeb (d. 1054). The Call of Doctors, edited by Bashara Zalzel, Khidawiya Press, Alexandria, 1901, p. 54.
Ibn Battuta, Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Abdullah Al-Lawati Al-Tanjy (d. 1377). The Gift of Sight in the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travels (known as "The Travels of Ibn Battuta"), Dar Al-Kitab Al-Lubnani, Beirut, 1988, p. 98.
Ibn Jaljal, Abu Dawood Sulayman ibn Hassan Al-Andalusi (d. 987). Classes of Doctors and Philosophers, edited by Fouad Al-Sayed, French Institute of Archaeology, Cairo, 1955, p. 88.
Ibn Said, Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Musa Al-Maghribi (d. 1286). The Maghrib in the Decorations of the Maghrib, edited by Shawqi Diab, Dar Al-Ma'arifah, Cairo, 1955, p. 98.
Ibn Said, Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Musa Al-Maghribi (d. 1286). The Maghrib in the Decorations of the Maghrib, edited by Shawqi Diab, Dar Al-Ma'arifah, Cairo, 1955, p. 100.
Ibrahim Baydoun. The Arab State in Spain. Beirut: Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, 1986, p. 186.
Latibi, Amin Tawfiq. Studies and Research on the History of Morocco and Andalusia, Dar Al-Arabia for Books, (Tunis, 1997), p. 101.
Pelenthia, Angel Genthallent, D.T. History of Andalusian Thought, Egypt, Library of Religious Culture, p. 76.
Salem, Sayed Abdul Aziz. Cordoba: The Capital of the Caliphate in Andalusia, Youth University Foundation, Alexandria, 1997, p. 78.
Shahlān, Ahmad. The Components of Andalusian Society and the Status of the Dhimmis in It. Arab History. Accessed on July 22, 2011, p. 34.
Shalabi, Abu Zaid. History of Islamic Civilization and Islamic Thought, Wahbah Library, Cairo, 1996, p. 98.
Shbaro, Issam Muhammad. History of Beirut from the Earliest Times until the 20th Century. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Misbah Al-Fikr, 1987, p. 51.
Shbaro, Issam. Andalusiafrom the Arab Conquest to the Lost Paradise, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, 1st ed., Beirut, 2002, p. 89.
Taqi Abboud Al-Mousawi, The Development of Medicine in Andalusia from the Umayyad Caliphate to the End of the Almohad Period (273-620 AH / 886-1232 CE), p. 23.
Taqoush, Muhammad Suhail. History of the Umayyad State, Dar Al-Nafa'es, Beirut, Lebanon, 2nd ed., 1997, p. 76.
Taqoush, Muhammad Suhail. History of the Umayyad State, same source, p. 77.
Tohboub, Salah. The Umayyad Era, Dar Osama, Amman, Jordan, 1st ed., 2004, p. 90.