Primary sources

- Ibn Abi Rabi’, Shihab al-Din Ahmad ibn Muhammad (d. 227 AH/841A.D), The Behavior of the Owner in Managing Kingdoms, edited by: Dr. Hamid Abdullah Rabi’, Dar al-Sha’b Foundation, (Cairo, 1980A.D).

- Ibn al-Athir, Diaa al-Din Abu al-Fath Nasr Allah bin Muhammad bin Abdul Karim (d. 637 AH/1239A.D), The Common Proverb in the Literature of the Writer and Poet, edited by: Ahmed al-Hawfi and Badawi Tabana, Al-Rafai Publications, 2nd ed., (Riyadh, 1983A.D).

- Ibn al-Athir, Izz al-Din Abi al-Hasan Ali bin Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Abdul Karim (d. 630 AH/1232A.D), Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, edited by: Sheikh Khalil Mamoun Shiha, Dar al-Ma'rifah, 2nd ed., (Beirut, 2007A.D).

- Al-Idrisi, Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Idris (d. 560 AH/1164A.D), Nuzhat al-Mushtaq fi Ikhtiraq al-Afaq, Alam al-Kutub, 1st ed., (Beirut, 1989A.D).

- Al-Istakhri, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim bin Muhammad al-Farsi known as al-Karkhi (d. 341 AH/952A.D), Masalik al-Mamalik, Brill Press, (Leiden, 1927A.D). Al-Bayhaqi, Abu al-Fadl Muhammad bin Hussein (d. 470 AH/1077A.D).

- Al-Bayhaqi, Abu al-Fadl Muhammad ibn Husayn (d. 470 AH/1077A.D), History of al-Bayhaqi, translated by: Yahya al-Khashab and Sadiq Nashat, Anglo-Egyptian Library, Modern Printing House, (Cairo, 1965A.D).

- Al-Tha'alibi, Abu Mansur Abd al-Malik ibn Muhammad ibn Ismail (d. 429 AH/1037A.D), The Orphan of the Age, edited by: Mufid Muhammad Qamiha, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, (Beirut, 1983A.D).

- Al-Jaw Zajani, Abu Amr Minhaj al-Din Minhaj al-Siraj Uthman ibn Muhammad (died in the 7th century AH/13th century A.D), Tabaqat Nasiri, translated and introduced by: Afif al-Sayyid Zaydan, National Center for Translation (Cairo, 2013).

- Ibn al-Jawzi, Abu al-Faraj Abd al-Rahman ibn Ali ibn Muhammad, (d. 597 AH/1200A.D), Al-Muntazam fi Tarikh al-Muluk wa al-Umam, edited by: Muhammad Abd al-Qadir Atta, Mustafa Abd al-Qadir Atta, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, 1st ed., (Beirut, 1992A.D).

- Ibn Hawqal, Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn Ali al-Nusaybi (d. 367 AH/977A.D), Surat al-Ard, Brill Press, 2nd ed., (Leiden, 1938 A.D).

- al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn Ali (d. 463 AH/1070A.D), Tarikh Baghdad, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, (Beirut, n.d.).

- Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad (d. 808 AH/1405A.D), Al-Muqaddimah, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, 9th ed., (Beirut, 2006A.D).

- Ibn Khallikan, Abu al-Abbas Shams al-Din Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr (d. 681 AH/1282), Deaths of Notable People and News of the Sons of Time, edited by: Ihsan Abbas, Dar al-Thaqafa, (Beirut, 1968A.D).

- _Al-Khwarizmi, Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Katib (d. 367 AH/977A.D), Keys to the Sciences, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, (Beirut, n.d.).

- Al-Sam'ani, Abu Sa'd Abdul Karim ibn Muhammad ibn Mansur (d. 562 AH/1166A.D), Genealogies, edited by: Abdullah al-Baroudi, Dar al-Fikr, 1st ed., (Beirut, 1998A.D).

- Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad Jarir (d. 310 AH/922A.D), History of al-Tabari, or (History of the Messengers and Kings), Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, 3rd ed., (Beirut, 2004A.D).

- Ibn al-Taqtaqqa, Muhammad ibn Ali Tabataba (d. 709 AH/1309A.D), Al-Fakhri in Sultanic Literature and the Islamic State, Dar Sadir, (Beirut, n.d.).

- Ibn Tayfur, Abu al-Fadl Ahmad Abi Tahir (d. 280 AH/893A.D), The Book of Baghdad, compiled by: Dr. Ihsan Dhunun al-Thamri, Dar Sadir, 1st ed., (Beirut, 2009A.D).

- Qudamah ibn Ja`far, Abu Faraj ibn Qudamah al-Katib al-Baghdadi (d. 328 AH/939A.D), Diwans from the Book of Land Tax and the Art of Writing, edited by: Mustafa al-Hayari, Publications of the University of Jordan, (Amman, 1986A.D).

- Al-Qurtubi, Arab ibn Sa`d (d. 369 AH/979A.D), A Connection to the History of al-Tabari, a book appended to (The Tails of the History of al-Tabari). Investigation: Muhammad Abu al-Fadl Ibrahim, Dar al-Maarif, 3rd ed., (Cairo, 1990A.D).

- Al-Qalqashandi, Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Ali (d. 821 AH/1418A.D), Subh al-A'sha fi Sina'at al-Insha, investigation: Yusuf Ali Tawil, Dar al-Fikr, (Damascus, 1987A.D).

- Al-Kurdizi, Abu Saeed Abdul-Hayy ibn Dahhak ibn Mahmoud (d. 443 AH/1051A.D), The Book of Zain al-Akhbar, translated by: Muhammad ibn Tawit, Al-Khamis University and Cultural Foundation (Fez, 1927A.D); The National Translation Project, translated by: Afif Sayyid Zaydan, General Authority for Amiri Printing Affairs, (Cairo, 2006A.D).

- Al-Mawardi, Abu al-Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Habib (d. 450 AH/1058A.D), Sultanic Rulings and Religious States, edited and corrected by: Ahmad Abd al-Salam, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, 3rd ed., (Beirut, 2006A.D).

- Al-Mawardi, Abu al-Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Habib (d. 450 AH/1058A.D), The Literature of the Minister, known as (The Laws of the Minister and the Policy of the King), corrected by: Hassan al-Hadi Hussein, Al-Khanji Library, 2nd ed., (Cairo, 1994A.D).

- Al-Muradi, Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn al-Husayn (d. 489 AH/1095A.D), The Book of Politics or (The Indication in the Management of the Emirate), edited by: Muhammad Hassan Muhammad and Ahmad Farid al-Mazidi, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, 1st ed., (Beirut, 2002A.D)

- Al-Mustawfi al-Qazwini, Hamdallah ibn Abi Bakr ibn Ahmad ibn Nasr (d. 730 AH/1329A.D), History of Kazidah, published as part of the book History of Bukhara, which the translator put in the form of an appendix under the title: Appendix to the History of the Samanids, translated by: Amin Abdul Majeed Badawi and Nasrallah Mubashar al-Tarawi, Dar al-Maaref in Egypt, (Cairo, 1965A.D).

- Al-Mas'udi, Abu Al-Hassan Ali bin Al-Hussein bin Ali (d. 346 AH/957A.D), Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems, edited by: Mustafa Al-Sayyid, Al-Tawfiqiya Library, (Cairo, 2003A.D).

- Al-Maqdisi, Shams Al-Din Abi Abdullah Muhammad bin Ahmad bin Abi Bakr (d. 380 AH/990A.D), The Best Divisions in Knowing the Regions, commented on and annotated by: Muhammad Amin Al-Danawi, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah, (Beirut, 2003A.D).

- Al-Munini, Ahmad bin Ali bin Omar bin Saleh (d. 1172 AH/1758A.D), Al-Munini's Explanation, called (Al-Fath Al-Wahbi on the History of Abu Nasr Al-Utbi), Al-Maarif Association, (Madinah, 1386 AH).

- Anonymous author, History of Sijistan, translated by: Mahmoud Abdul Karim Ali, Supreme Council for Culture, (Cairo, 2006A.D).

- Al-Narshkhi, Abu Bakr Muhammad bin Jaafar (d. 348 AH/959A.D), History of Bukhara, translated from Persian and introduced, verified and commented on by: Dr. Amin Abdul Majeed Badawi and Nasrat Mubasher Al-Tarazi, Dar Al-Maaref, (Cairo, 1965A.D).

- Nizam Al-Mulk Al-Tusi, Abu Ali Hussein bin Ali Khwaja (d. 485 AH/1092A.D), Siyasat-Nama-Siyar Al-Muluk, translated by: Youssef Hussein Bakkar, Dar Al-Quds, (Beirut, n.d.).

- Al-Nuwayri, Shihab al-Din Ahmad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (d. 733 AH/1332A.D), Nihayat al-Arab fi Funun al-Adab, edited by: Abdul Majeed Tarhini, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, ed. (Beirut, 2004A.D).

- _ Al-Yaqubi, Ahmad ibn Abi Yaqub ibn Ja`far ibn Wahb ibn Wahdah (d. 292 AH/951A.D), History of al-Yaqubi, Dar Sadir, (Beirut, 1960A.D).

- _ Abu Ya`la al-Farra`, Muhammad ibn al-Husayn ibn Muhammad al-Hanbali (d. 458 AH/1065A.D), Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyyah, corrected and commented on by: Muhammad Hamid al-Faqih, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, 3rd ed. (Beirut, 2006A.D).

: Modern Arabic References.

- Iqbal, Abbas, History of Iran after Islam from the Beginning of the Tahirid State to the End of the Qajar State (205 AH/820A.D - 1343 AH/1925A.D), translated from Persian and introduced and commented on by: Muhammad Alaa al-Din Mansour, Dar al-Thaqafa, Publishing and Distribution, (Cairo, 1989).

- Al-Alusi,A.Del Muhyi al-Din, Public Opinion in the Third Century AH, (198-295 AH/813-908A.D), Al-Hurriya Press, (Baghdad, 1987A.D).

- Barthold, Turkestan from the Arab Conquest to the Mongol Invasion, translated from Russian by: Salah al-Din Othman Hashim, National Council for Culture, Arts and Literature, Al-Kazma Publishing, Translation and Distribution Company, (Kuwait, 1981).

- Barizi, Ibrahim Bastani, Yaqub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar, translated, introduced and commented on by Dr. Muhammad Fathi Yusuf al-Rayyis, Dar al-Raed al-Arabi, (Cairo, n.d.).

- Bitar, Amina, History of the Abbasid Era, Damascus University Publications, 4th ed., (Damascus, 1997).

- Al-Hadith, Qahtan Abd al-Sattar, The Famous Quarters of Khorasan, A Study of Its Geographical,A.Dministrative and Economic Conditions until the End of the Fourth Century AH, Dar al-Hikma Press, (Basra, 1990).

- Al-Douri, Abd al-Aziz, Studies in the Late Abbasid Eras, Center for Arab Unity Studies, 1st ed., (Beirut, 2007).

- Kahn, Claude, History of the Arabs and Islamic Peoples (From the Emergence of Islam until the Beginning of the Ottoman Empire), Translated into Arabic by Dr. Bad al-Din al-Qasim, Dar al-Haqiqa for Printing and Publishing, 2nd ed., (Beirut, 1977).

- Lombard, Maurice, Islam in its First Glory from the Second to the Fifth Century A.H / Eighth and Eleventh CenturyA.D), translated and annotated by: Ismail Al-Arabi, Dar Al-Jeel, (Beirut, n.d.).

- Metz,A.Dam, Islamic Civilization in the Fourth Century AH, translated by: Muhammad Abdul Hadi Abu Rida, introduced by: Mustafa Labib Abdul Ghani, National Center for Translation, (Cairo, 2008).

- 3: Persian sources.

- Azar, Parvin Turkmani, and Saleh Barkari, History of Political, Social, Economic and Persian Transformations in Iran in the Period of Saffarian and Alavian, Andisheh Bookshop, (Tehran, 1381 AH).

- Bayat, Aziz Allah, Azarab Tadialmeh, Kanjeneh Publications, (Tehran, 1364 AH).

- Jafarian, Rasool, History of Islamic Iran from the Rise of Taherian to the Sunset of Khwarazmshah, Farhangi Danesh and Andisheh Foundation, Vol. 2, (Tehran, 1378 AH).

- Khvandemir, Ghiyath al-Din ibn Hamam al-Din al-Husayni (942 AH/1535A.D), Habib al-Seer fi Akhbar Arad al-Bashar, Kitabforush Khayyam, Vol. 2, (Tehran, 1353 AH).

- Daka al-Mulk, Mohammad Ali Khan, History of Iran, Jabkhaneh, Giyarm (Tehran, 1333 AH).

- Rezaei, Abdol-Azim, History of Iran, Iqbal Publications, Vol. 5, (Tehran, 1373 AH).

- Al-Salami, Abu Ali Hussein bin Ahmad (3rd-4th century AH/9th-10thA.D), News of the Governors of Khorasan, Investigation and Review: Mohammad Ali Kazem Beg, Mirath Maktoob Foundation, 1st ed., (Tehran, 1390 AH).

- Ghafoor, Babajan, Tajikian (Ancient History, Medieval and Novin Period). Erfan Publications Foundation, 1st volume, (Dushpaneh, 1377 AH).

- Farnood, Reza, Atlas of the History of Iran from the Emergence of Islam to the Seljuk Period, Tehran Publications, 2nd volume, (Tehran, 1390 AH).

- Kahzad, Ahmad Ali, History of Afghanistan, Dowlaty Printing Press, (Tehran, 1336 AH).

- Kob, Abdolhossein Razin, History of Mardam Iran, Kashmesh Baqudrata, Amir Kabir Publications Foundation, 7th volume, (Tehran, 1381 AH).

- Moftakhri, Hossein, and Hossein Zamani, History of Iran from the Arrival of Two Muslim Taherian Women, Publications of the Samt, Vol. 2, (Tehran, 1384 AH).

- Mirkhond, Mir Mohammad bin Sayyid Borhan al-Din Khvand Shah (d. 903 AH/1497A.D), Rawdat al-Safa, Pirooz Publications, (Tehran, 1339 AH).

- Yazdanian, Hossein, Zindkani Ya'qub Layth Saffar, Introduction: Mahmoud Tafazoli, Publications of the Tehran University, Vol. 3, (Tehran, 1334 AH).

- _Yaghmai, Hassan, History of Dowlat Saffarian, Donya-ye Ketab Publications, (Tehran, 1370 AH).

- 4: Articles.

- Al-Alusi, Salem, Municipal Services in Islamic Civilization (an article in the book Studies in Hisbah and the Hisbah among the Arabs), Center for the Revival of Arab Scientific Heritage, (Baghdad, 1988).

- Bosworth, Army of the Saffarins, translated by: Dr. Abdul Jabbar Naji, commented by: Qahtan Abdul Sattar Al-Hadithi, Journal of the College of Arts, University of Basra, Issue (7), Year: Fifth, (Basra, 1972).

- Ramadan, Atef Mansour Muhammad, New Lights on the Coins of Ahmad bin Abdullah Al-Khajistani, Journal of the College of Arts, Qena, Issue (9), (Qena, 1999).

: Theses and Dissertations.

- Bu Juma, Jahida, Sijistan Society under the Saffarid State, unpublished master's thesis, Faculty of Arts, Ain Shams University, (Cairo, 1991).

- Al-Hadith, Qahtan Abdul Sattar, Khorasan in the Samanid Era: A Study of its Political,A.Dministrative and Economic Conditions from 204 AH/819A.D to 389 AH/998A.D, Unpublished PhD Thesis, College of Arts, (University of Baghdad, 1980A.D).

- Darwish, Abdul Sattar Mutlaq, Sultan Mahmud Al-Ghaznawi, His Biography and Political and Military Role (360-421 AH/970-1030A.D), Unpublished MA Thesis, College of Arts, (University of Baghdad, 1989A.D).

: Foreign references.

_ C. E. Bosworth. The Armies of the Saffaris, Bulletin of School of Oriental and African Studies, university of London, Vol .31, No.3 ,( 1968), Cambridge unirersty press.

_ C. E. Bosworth The Chaznavids, their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran, 994 – 1040,,libraire Duliban (Beirut, 1973).