Jamal Pasha (1872-1922): He was appointed as a military governor in Adana in 1909, in Baghdad in 1911, then Istanbul, and when the First World War was attributed, he was appointed Minister of the Navy and Commander of the Fourth Army in Syria during the period between 1914-1917, and when the war ended with the loss of the state The Ottoman Empire fled with Talat and Anwar in 1918 to Germany, then moved to Afghanistan and organized its armed forces. He was assassinated in 1922 in Tbilisi. Saleh Al-Jasser, Notables in the Assassination Department, Al-Khalidi Offset Press, Riyadh, 1991, pp. 31-32.

Jamal Pasha, The Memoirs of Jamal Pasha, Dar Al-Farabi, Beirut, 2013, p. 237; Philip Hitti, The History of Lebanon from the Earliest Historical Era to the Present Era, House of Culture, 2nd Edition, Beirut, 1972, p. 588.

Khoury Antoine Yammine, the Lebanese Lebanon in the War 1914-1919, The Literary Press, Beirut, 1919, pp. 13-15; Mohiuddin Kaddoura, History of Lebanon from 1914 to 1920, Journal of Arab and World History, Issue 6 April 1979, p.62.

Rashid Nakhleh, The Book of Exile, The Modern Library, Beirut, 1956, pp. 132-133.

Ibrahim Kanaan, Lebanon in the Great War 1914-1918, Beirut, 1974; Pp. 125-126; Khoury Antoine, the previous source, p. 17; Jamal Pasha, the previous source, p. 247.

Al-Khoury Antoine, the previous source, p. 17; Essam Kamal Khalifa, Lebanon 1914- 1918, through the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs archive, Beirut, 2005, pp. 153- 154.

Same source p. 17; Rashid Nakhleh, previous source, 148-149.

The concessions granted under the 1861 Protocol were canceled following the agreement concluded during the incidents of 1860 between the major powers (Britain, France, Russia, Prussia, Austria) on June 9, 1860, according to which Mount Lebanon became an autonomous mutasarrif under the protection and supervision of the Ottoman Empire. . Muhammad Jamil Beyhum, Lebanon Between Mashreq and Morocco 1920- 1969, Beirut, 1969, p. 15; Fouad El-Khoury, The Public Prosecution Office in Lebanon, its origins and flags from 1860 to 1977, Dr. M. 1980, p.92; George Anthony, Awakening of the Arabs, History of the Arab National Movement, translated by: Nasir al-Din al-Assad and Ihsan Abbas, House of Science for the Millions, Beirut, 1962, p. 299.

Among the members of the board of directors who were denied: Habib Basha Al-Saad (President), Khalil Akl (Carawan delegate), Naum Bakhos (Al-Matn delegate), as for the expelled: Saeed Al-Bustani, George Saffar Salim Baz, Boulos Najim, Nimr Shamoun and others. For details, see: Yusef al-Hakim, Beirut and Lebanon during the era of the Othman family, Dar An-Nahar, Beirut, 1964, pp. 161-162; Antoine Al- Hakim, The History of Lebanon in the Twentieth Century in Its Regional and International Context From the Mutasarrifate of the Mountain to the State of Greater Lebanon 1914-1920, Lebanese House for Printing and University Publishing, Lebanon, 2018, p. 34; Shafiq Hammad and others, Locusts destroy agricultural crops, illustrated in history, Dar Al-Alam for millions, Beirut, vol 2, pp. 45-46.

Antoine al-Hakim, the previous source, p. 31.

The foreign pen: it means everything related to diplomatic relations between the European countries at war with the Ottoman Empire, and François Khoury was the translator in charge of the foreign pen. Yousef Al-Hakim, the previous source, pp. 161- 162.

Al-Khoury Antoine, the previous source, p. 112.

Philip Hitti, History of Lebanon from the earliest historical times to the present day, p. 589.

Wajih Kawtharani, Sociopolitical Trends in Mount Lebanon and the Arab Levant 1860- 1920, Institute for Arab Development, 2nd Edition, Beirut, 1978, pg 260; Fawaz Traboulsi, History of Modern Lebanon from the Emirate to the Taif Agreement, Riad Al-Rayyes for Books and Publishing, 3rd Edition, Beirut, 2011, p. 123.

Yousef Al-Hakim, the previous source, pp. 172-173.

Zain Nooruddin Al-Zein, Causes of the Great Arab Revolt, Amman, 1967, p. 48; Hamdi Al Dhaheri, Politics of Governance in Lebanon, International Press, Cairo, 1976, pp. 52-53.

Jamal Pasha, the previous source, pp. 231-232; Yousef Al-Hakim, the previous source, pp. 175-176.

Prince Shakib Arslan, A Biography, Beirut, 1969, pp. 225-236; Philip Hitti, Lebanon in History, Arabization: Anis Fariha, House of Culture, Beirut, 1959, pp. 589-592; Fawaz Traboulsi, the previous source, p. 123.

For details on the naval blockade. Seen: Antoine al-Hakim, The Naval Blockade during the First World War, Its Goals, its Implementation, and its Multiplication “One Hundred Years of the Great War 1914-2014, Peace O People of Peace, Edited and Supervised by: Joseph Abu Nahra, International Center for Human Sciences Publications, Selous Jbeil, 2014, Part 2, p.72 .

Antoine al-Hakim, The Naval Blockade during the First World War, p.94.

Yousef Al-Hakim, the previous source, p. 251.

Prince Shakib Arslan, A Biography, Beirut, 1969, pp. 225-236; Philip Hitti, Lebanon in History, Arabization: Anis Fariha, House of Culture, Beirut, 1959, pp. 589-592; Fawaz Traboulsi, the previous source, p. 123.

For details on the naval blockade. Seen: Antoine al-Hakim, The Naval Blockade during the First World War, Its Goals, its Implementation, and its Multiplication “One Hundred Years of the Great War 1914-2014, Peace O People of Peace, Edited and Supervised by: Joseph Abu Nahra, International Center for Human Sciences Publications, Selous Jbeil, 2014, Part 2, p.72 .

Antoine al-Hakim, The Naval Blockade during the First World War, p.94.

Yousef Al-Hakim, the previous source, p. 251.

Masoud Daher, Social Changes in Mount Lebanon and Their Perspectives After the First World War, Lebanese University Press, 2011, Part 2, p. 501.

Abdel Raouf Snow, Germany and the famine in Lebanon during the First World War: Politics and Responsibility, working paper prepared for the Centennial Conference of the Great Famine in Mount Lebanon, Al-Hikma University on May 27, 2016, p.5.

Ali Shuaib, Repercussions of the First World War in Jabal Amel in Lebanon, Lebanese University Press, Beirut, 2011, vol.1, p. 451.

Ohannes Pasha: (1852-1952) Armenian of origin was appointed as an administrator in Mount Lebanon in 1913, and before that he was a consultant in the Ottoman Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and his appointment was accompanied by a number of amendments in the ruling of the Mutasarrifiyyah, including not restricting the election of members of the administrative council to the sheikhs of knowledge. The common people, through their representatives, established three ports in Lebanon. The first in Jounieh, the second in Nabi Yunus, and the third in Chekka. He had many attempts to reform the internal situation in the Mutasarrifiya, but due to the outbreak of the First World War he did not have the opportunity, he was dismissed from his post due to a bear dispute between him and the Commander Muhammad Reda, and therefore Ali Munif was appointed in his place. On August 12, 1915, he passed away in 1921. For details, see: Juha and Others,

The Missionaries and His Works, Youssef Franco Pasha and Ohannes Qaboumjibian Pasha, Dar Al-Alam for Millions, Beirut, D.T., C7, pp. 218-219.

Muhammad Reza Pasha (1844-1920), an Ottoman military commander in origin, who participated in the Second Russian War of 1877-1878, was promoted to a military secret by Sultan Abdul Hamid II, the highest military position in the Lebanese army, was exiled after the end of the Ottoman Empire to France The city of Nice, and stayed there with his family, returned to Turkey and died in 1920, and was buried next to the mausoleum of Sultan Mahmud II. Wikioedia. Org / wiki

Al-Khoury Antoine, previous source, p. 99.

Elias Boutros Al-Hawaik: (1843-1931): The seventy-second Maronite Patriarch was born in the village of Hilta in the Batroun district. He was promoted to Patriarchal Vicar and Archbishop in 1898, he witnessed the First World War and the difficult conditions experienced by the Lebanese people, and he had a prominent role in the Lebanese independence process in 1920. He died in 1931. https: /ar.m.wikipedia. Org

Ali Moati, Lebanon's Political and Social History, Study in Arab-Turkish Relations 1908-1918, Ezz El-Din Foundation for Printing and Publishing, Beirut, 1992, p. 183.

Antoine al-Hakim, History of Lebanon, p.33.

The locusts' killing continued in the country until the evening of July 19, when the people were interested in removing them from their fields, the morning of July 20 witnessed the absence of any trace of it. Khoury Antoine, previous source, p. 104.

The same source, p. 100.

Qasim Al-Samad mentioned that among those attending to meet Jamal Pasha are: Basbous Matti Tire, Arida from Tripoli, Massad from Damascus, and with them Archbishop Shibli. Qasim al-Samad, France’s position on the attack on its consulate in Beirut in 1914, Part 2, p. 467.

Al-Khoury Antoine, the previous source, p. 106.

The same source, p. 108.

Lutfullah Nasr Al-Bakassini, Brief on the Chronicle of the Global War, Beirut, 1922, p. 359.

Quoted from: Khoury Antoine, the previous source, p. 110; Antoine al-Hakim, the previous source, p. 36.

Ali Moati, previous source, p. 214.

Al-Khoury Antoine, previous source, p. 110.

The same source, p. 121.

The same source, p. 121.

Yousef Al-Hakim, the previous source, page 229.

Al-Khoury Antoine, the previous source, pp. 122-123.

The same source, pp. 127-128.

The same source, p. 125.

Quoted from: Khoury Antoine, the previous source, p. 110; Antoine al-Hakim, the previous source, p. 36.

Ali Moati, previous source, p. 214.

Al-Khoury Antoine, previous source, p. 110.

The same source, p. 121.

The same source, p. 121.

Yousef Al-Hakim, the previous source, page 229.

Al-Khoury Antoine, the previous source, pp. 122-123.

The same source, pp. 127-128.

The same source, p. 125.

The same source, p. 126.

On the role of the Allies in the outbreak of famine during the First World War, "If the Allies wanted, they would have brought aid to the coasts of Syria as they brought them to other kingdoms that were consumed by hunger during the war. They did not save thousands from death from Muslims and Christians, and that the allies, while they were in a state of war with Germany, they could That they agree with her to live in Belgium, and a committee composed of neutral Spaniards and Dutchmen was appointed for that. They would bring grain and livelihood from the United States of America, distribute them, and send Poles to and from the Serbs. United States of America Aid for Syria, Masoud Daher, the same source, pp. 49-52.

Abd al-Ra'af al-Sinu, previous source, p.5.

Fawaz Trabelsi, previous source, p. 124.

It is reported that those who ate the blame of humans are two refugee girls from Hardin, one of the Mutasarrifiyya villages in North Lebanon, which drove them to eat children's meat from hunger. Lutfullah Nasr Al-Bakassini, the previous source, pp. 367-368; Wajih Kawtharani, the previous source, p. 289.

Patriarch Antoine Arida, Lebanon and France, key historical documents highlighting the role of Bkerke in confronting the French mandate and the French monopolies, their transfer to Arabic: Fares Ghossoub, Al-Farabi, Beirut, 1987, p. 48; Prince ShakibArslan, previous source, pp. 227-236; Farouk Halbus, “Famine Talk in Safar Barlak from Official Documents and Sunni Memory, in Lebanon in the First World War, Lebanese University Publications, Beirut, 2011, pp. 191-218.

Wajih Kawtharani, previous source, p. 264; Fawaz Trabelsi, the previous source, p. 124.

Jamal Pasha's Diary, previous source, p. 224; Muhammad Jaber Al Safa, History of Jabal Amel, House of Language Board, Beirut, dt, p. 62.

Aziz Bey, Syria and Lebanon in the First World War, translation: Fouad Medan, Beirut, 1933, pp. 245-246.

Rida El Solh: (1860-1916): He was appointed in 1883 as a general governor in Nabatiyeh, south of Lebanon, and in 1884 he established the first private school on modern roads, then he was transferred to Sidon as a qaimaqam and moved in positions. He had five sons from her, three males and two daughters, and in 1906 he was appointed as a representative of the Lebanese government in Thessaloniki, Greece, and in 1908 he was appointed governor of Beirut, and after that a member of the Ottoman envoys council. And the parties and worked on spreading the principles of the Arab Brotherhood Association, which was established in Istanbul in 1908, and contributed to the establishment of the Literary Forum in 1909, and continued at that pace until his death 1916. Hilal Al Solh, Man and the Case of Riad El Solh 1894-1951, 21st Edition, B.D., Beirut, 1996, pp. 15-16.

They are: Abd al-Karim al-Khalil, Muhammad and Mahmud al-Hamsani, Salih Haider, Abd al-Qadir al-Kharsa, Ali al-Armanazi, Nur al-Din al-Qadi, Muslim Abidin, Salim Abd al-Hadi, Nayef Talo, Mahmoud al-Ajam, arrest campaigns and death sentences continued on May 16, 1916. Twenty-one accused were hanged in Beirut and Damascus, fourteen of them Muslims and seven were Christians. For details, see: Yusef Al-Hakim, Beirut and Lebanon, the previous source, p. 235; Lahd Khater, The Mutasarrifiyya era in Lebanon 1861-1918, Lebanese University Publications, Beirut, 1967, p. 197; Lutsky, History of the Modern Arab Countries, Dar Al-Farabi, Beirut, 2007, p. 404; Qasim Al- Samad, the previous source, pp. 460-461.

Yousef Al-Hakim, the previous source, p. 234; Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani Ibrahim, Syrian-Lebanese Relations until 1958, the Lebanese Crisis, Institute for Arab Research and Studies, Cairo, 1978, p.

Qasim Al-Samad, the previous source, pp. 462-463; Lahd Khater, the previous source, p.204.

Al-Khoury Antoine, the previous source, pp. 91-92.

Sheikh Suleiman Zahir, Jabal Amel in the Global War, Oriental Publications House, Beirut, 1986, pp. 38-48.

Elias Farhat, “The Suez Front and the Beginning of the Ottoman Retreat in the Levant” One Hundred Years After the Great War 1914-2014, Belos, 2014, Part 2, p. 179.

Yousef Al-Hakim, the previous source, p. 234; Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani Ibrahim, Syrian-Lebanese Relations until 1958, the Lebanese Crisis, Institute for Arab Research and Studies, Cairo, 1978, p.

Qasim Al-Samad, the previous source, pp. 462-463; Lahd Khater, the previous source, p.204.

Al-Khoury Antoine, the previous source, pp. 91-92.

Sheikh Suleiman Zahir, Jabal Amel in the Global War, Oriental Publications House, Beirut, 1986, pp. 38-48.

Elias Farhat, “The Suez Front and the Beginning of the Ottoman Retreat in the Levant” One Hundred Years After the Great War 1914-2014, Belos, 2014, Part 2, p. 179.

Lotsky, ibid., P. 402; Abdul Raouf Al-Senou, the previous source, p. 3.

Al-Khoury Antoine, the previous source, pp. 92-93.

The same source, pp. 137-139.

Same source, p. 141.

Lotsky, ibid., P. 402; Mohsen al-Amin, notables of the Shiites, Saida, 1957, vol. 4, p. 85; Philip Hitti, History of Lebanon from the earliest historical times to the present day, p. 591.

Al-Khoury Antoine, previous source, p. 120.

The same source, pp. 131-132.

The same source, pp. 132-133.

Philip Hitti, History of Lebanon from the Earliest Historical Era to the Present, p. 591.

Al-Khoury Antoine, the previous source, p. 135.

Quoted from: Said Hamadeh, The Monetary and Banking System in Syria, translated by: Still Damous, Beirut, 1936, p. 36; Ali Moati, previous source, p. 230.

The same source, p. 231.

Same source, p. 232.

Abdul-Raouf Al-Senou, previous source, p. 4.

The extent of the famine in Beirut and the mountain does not take a general analogy for all Ottoman regions, as Al-Kharroub region was not devoid of wheat, because it was

brought from Sidon and Palestine, and the Druze in the mountain were not exposed to a famine catastrophe because the grains could reach them through Horan. Abdul Raouf Al-Senou, the previous source, pp. 4-5; Lahd Khater, the previous source, p.204.

Al-Khoury Antoine, previous source, p. 146.

The same source, pp. 149-150.

The same source, pp. 150-151; Lotsky, ibid., P. 401.

The beginnings of the German acquisition of raw materials and agricultural products from the Ottoman Empire go back to 1916 when the head of the German Agricultural Department for War Economy Kaiser Ling sent instructions to the Ottoman Authority represented by Talaat Pasha in order to encourage Ottoman agriculture to cope with the requirements of the German war, and as a result Germany sent in June 1916 Half a million empty bags to fill with Syrian wheat and ship it to Istanbul, so what was from Jamal Pasha except that the task of collecting grains and buying them was divided directly to farmers, so Aleppo had to secure 60 thousand tons, and the merchant Michel from Beirut 80 thousand tons, and the family of Aintabi Al-Quds Al-Quds 10 thousand tons And the attempt was repeated again when he ordered merchants from Beirut, Tripoli, Aleppo and Jerusalem to secure 235,000 tons of wheat. Antoine al-Hakim, the previous source, pp. 9-12; Bechara Zarzis El Bouari, Diary of Bechara Gerges El Bouari, The Four Years of War from 1914 to 1918 Al Hoda Press, Beirut, 1926, p.61.

Hassan Kayali, Syria in the First World War and the German-Ottoman Alliance, A Critical Review, The Journey of History, Arab Research Center, Beirut, 2016, p. 425.

The Germans used to buy Syrian wheat at prices that citizens could not buy, and it had about 20 thousand cars transporting grain to its country, and the Germans had acquired Syrian wheat throughout the war, and there is no accurate statistics on the amount of grain that was transported to Germany. See: Lutfullah Nasr Al-Bakassini, the previous source, p. 361; Lotsky, ibid., P. 429.

Abdul-Raouf Al-Senou, the previous source, pp. 1-2.

Farouk Halbas, previous source, pp. 197-198; Yousef Al-Hakim, the previous source, p. 251.

Farouk Halbus, the previous source, p. 200; Ibrahim Canaan, the previous source, p. 168.

Lotsky, ibid., P. 401; Farouk Halbus, previous source, p. 197.

Al-Khoury Antoine, previous source, p. 154.

The same source, pp. 164-165.