Impact of Euphrates River on the Development of Raqqa in the First Abbasid Era (132-247 AH / 750-861 AD(
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Abstract
Raqqa stands as a significant ancient city frequently referenced by historians and Muslim's narratives. It holds a prominent position in the Levant, situated along the banks of the Euphrates River, and has been acknowledged since the pre-Islamic era. Nonetheless, its significance grew during the Abbasid era, particularly after it was designated as the capital of the Abbasid state at a specific juncture in their governance, establishing it as a crucial connection between Iraq and the Levant, while also serving as a strategic outpost for Muslims in opposition to the Byzantine Romans. The city of Rafiqa was founded adjacent to it and was segmented into three distinct Raqqas: White, Brown, and Central.
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