Bright Stations in the History of the Feminist Movement in Iraq The Association of Confronting Social Ills 1975-1937
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Abstract
After the end of World War I, Arab society witnessed the emergence of many associations, clubs, and other political and social organizations. This influence extended to include most Arab countries, including Iraq, as women in it, especially Baghdadi women, took the lead in establishing such social and cultural associations and clubs, like their peers throughout the country. This demonstrated the participation of women in a new field that they had not previously experienced. What has been written about this association is very little and is barely mentioned except in some articles that were published very sparsely. Therefore, the topic will be presented based on the available information about it. From this standpoint, we would like to clarify that what we will present are historical milestones of the most prominent approvals of the association and not a detailed historical narrative.
The study reached the most prominent results:
1- The deprivation that was applied to Iraqi women and prevented them from participating in public life during Ottoman control had the effect of keeping them away from displaying their talents and their role in building society and participating in men’s work.
2- Iraqi women, especially Baghdadi women, have succeeded in proving their ability to face difficulties, find solutions to them, and impose themselves on the reality that has long tried to exclude them from the public scene in the country.
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References
)1) Noria Al-Sadani, The Arab Women’s Movement in the Twentieth Century (1917–1981), Dr. M., 1982, p. 44.
)2) Hana Jassim Al-Sabaawi, “The Role of Women’s Associations in Social Development (the Muslim Family Association as a Model)” Journal of Mosul Studies, Issue Twenty-One, 2008, p. 134.
)3) Abbas Al-Zamili, Forgotten Feminist Covenants and Women, an article published on the Internet on October 24, 2013 https://www.almadasupplements.com/view.php
(4) Sarah Fadel Al-Jamali (Sarah Powell): An American national, she was an English language teacher at the Central School for Girls in 1933. She married Muhammad Fadel Al-Jamali and founded the Anti-Intoxicants Society in 1937. Then in 1945 its name was changed to the Society for Combating Social Ills. One of its most prominent members was Marziya Al-Pajji. Rushdieh Al-Chalabi, Fattouh Al-Dabouni, Shihab Fadel, Asiya Tawfiq, Aisha Khawanda. For details, see: Saniha Amin Zaki, Memories of an Iraqi Doctor, Dar Al-Hekma Publications, London, 2005, p. 145.
(5 ) Muhammad Fadel Al-Jamali (1903-1997) Muhammad Fadel Abbas Jawad Al-Jamali, from Baghdad from a family of religious standing. He studied in Alliance schools. He entered the Teachers’ Home to be appointed as a teacher in 1918. He was sent among the Iraqi missions to the American University in Beirut to obtain a bachelor’s degree. In education, he was sent in 1929 to Columbia University to obtain a doctorate in philosophy. He held many senior positions, especially the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. For details, see: Rahim Kazem Muhammad Al-Hashimi, Muhammad Fadel Al-Jamali, his political role and educational approach until 1958, doctoral thesis (unpublished) College of Arts, University of Basra, 1998, pp. 7-16.
(6 )Rushdiya Salim Al-Chalabi 1915-1990 She was born in Mosul and received her primary education there. She became a teacher in primary girls’ schools in Mosul. After her marriage, she moved to Baghdad and taught in its primary schools. She became famous for teaching first-grade primary students and is considered one of the top nannies and guides in Iraq. She was retired when She has reached the legal age and has many activities in the field of education. Among her books are: 1- The Righteous Girl, Dar Al-Tadamon, Baghdad- The Curious Girl, Dar Al-Tadamon, Baghdad. 3- Al-Kharif, Dar Al-Tadamon, Baghdad. 4- The Child in the Morning, Dar Al-Tadamon, Baghdad. For more details, see: Omar Muhammad Talib, Encyclopedia of Mosul Notables in the Twentieth Century, Mosul, 2001, p. 56..
(7) Asia Tawfiq Wehbe: She was born in 1901 in Baghdad. Her father, “Rida Al-Diza Lee,” was a merchant and an enlightened man from the people of Sulaymaniyah. He helped her and strove to educate her. Her husband, the Kurdish writer, linguist, and historian, “Tawfiq Wehbe,” whose name she took according to Western custom at that time, worked to create the conditions for her success and the exercise of her role. Since their marriage in 1927, she developed her capabilities and became familiar with all the cultural trends that prevailed in her time. She joined some Feminist associations, including the “Women’s Renaissance Association” in 1923 and the “Combat Social Ills” Association, were seeking to bring together women in their country, as Mrs. Hoda Shaarawi did in Egypt, under the framework of an organization that would advance Iraqi women. For more details see: Naima Latif Abdullah. Asia Tawfiq Wehbe and its role in development The development of the Iraqi feminist movement (1900 - 1958), unpublished master’s thesis, Dhi Qar University, College of Education for Human Sciences, 2014.
(8) 2262022 http://raidmoter.blogspot.com/2019/05/blog-
(9 ) Al-Bilad newspaper, issue No. 1658, March 19, 1941 AD.
(10 ) Al-Bilad newspaper, issue No. 1667, March 30, 1941 AD.
(11 ) Zainab Hashim Al-Jaryan, Feminist Education in Iraq 1921-1958, a Historical Study, Master’s Thesis (unpublished), University of Baghdad, College of Education for the Humanities, 2013, p. 184.
(12) 2262022 http://raidmoter.blogspot.com/2019/05/blog-
(13 ) Angel Elia Jazrawi: Graduated from the Faculty of Tahrir (Social Service) in 1957 with a bachelor’s degree. She attended a special course for the mentally retarded for a year and a half in Switzerland and obtained a diploma in that. She then attended two conferences, one in London and the second in the Netherlands, for the deaf and dumb for a period, and she made special visits to each. From Italy and Germany to see similar institutes in these two countries. For more details, see: Abdul Rahman Suleiman, Contemporary Iraqi Women, vol. 1, Dar Al-Basri Press, Baghdad, ed., p. 78.
(14 ) Hanaa Hussein: Social researcher, graduate of Tahrir College in 1965. For more details, see the same source, p. 79.
(15 ) Al-Shaab Newspaper, Issue No. 3657, November 31, 1956 AD.
(16 ) Queen Hazima 1895-1935: She is Hazima, daughter of Nasser bin Ali. She was born in Mecca and received her education at the hands of women scholars. She married her cousin, Sharif Faisal bin Al-Hussein, in Istanbul in 1904 and moved with him to Mecca. She had three daughters and the children of Azza, Rajha, Rafi’a, and Ghazi. She moved to Syria and Iraq, and when he became Her husband was king of Iraq from 1921-1932. She died in Baghdad as a result of a heart attack. For details, see: Muhammad Hamdi Al-Jaafari, Hashemite Queens from the Arab Levant Countries, Misr Printing House, Egypt, 2009, pp. 195-205.
(17 ) Abbas Al-Zamili, Forgotten Feminist Covenants and Women, an article published on the Internet 11/24/2013 https://www.almadasupplements.com/view.php?
(18 )Iraqi Women’s Union Magazine, Issue 5, September 1950 AD.
(19 ) Saniha Amin Zaki, previous source, p. 45.
( 20) Iraqi Women’s Union Magazine, Issue 27, August 1952.
(21 ) Al-Bilad newspaper, issue No. 2399, January 5, 1945 AD.
(22 ) Al-Bilad newspaper, issue No. 2440, February 22, 1945 AD.
( 23) Saadia Al-Rahhal: a women’s activist, and the wife of Hussein Al-Rahhal, the founder of the Marxist circles. She participated in the Al-Wathba demonstrations in 1948, and one of the prominent members of charitable societies and the League for the Defense of Women’s Rights. For details, see: Al-Mada newspaper, issue 1452, March 10, 2009.
(24 ) Journal of the Iraqi Women’s Union, Issue 5, September 1950 AD.
(25 ) Iraqi Women’s Union Magazine, Issue 15, July 1951.
(26 ) Iraqi Women’s Union Magazine, Issue 28, September and October 1952.
(27 ) Iraqi facts, texts of Iraqi laws and legislation, 1960-2011, http://wiki.dorar-