The Egyptian-Chinese Consensus at the Bandung Conference and Its Impact on Strengthening Relations between Them in 1955
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Abstract
The first Asian-African Conference, which was held in the Indonesian city of Bandung in 1955, was the first conference in which Asian and African countries met after World War II. The Bandung Conference was the starting point towards the establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement, of which Egypt was one of the most prominent poles.
The conference witnessed a convergence of views and opinions between the Arab Republic of Egypt and the People's Republic of China, especially since the Egyptian government had adopted a policy of positive neutrality, and the Chinese government had adopted a policy of peaceful coexistence in the shadow of the Cold War, and that the conference was the first in which Asian and African countries met after the the Second World War, and being the first nucleus for the establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement, of which Egypt was one of the most prominent poles.
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References
Published documents:
• Institute for Palestine Studies, Iraq-Turkish Pact (Baghdad Pact), 2/24, 1954.
• U.S.A, (C.I.A), Attended the Bandung Conference, 30/1/1955.
• U.S.A, (C.I.A), Bandung conference summary, 27/4/1955.
• U.S.A, (W.C.D.A), Abstract of conversation between Chinese primer Zhou Enlai and Pakistani Ambassador to China Sultanilddin Ahmed, 4/1/1965.
• U.S.A, (W.C.D.A), Main speech by Primer Zhou Enlai head of the delegation of the people's republic of China distributed at the plenary, 19/4/1955.
• U.S.A, (W.C.D.A), Speech Mao Zedong at the Fifteen meet of the supreme state council, 5/9/1958.
• U.S.A, (W.C.D.A), Zhou Enlai speech at the political committee of the Afro – Asian conference, 23/4/1955.
• U.S.A, (W.C.D.A), Zhou Enlai speech at the political committee of the Afro – Asian conference, 23/4/1955.
Documentary books:
• Muhammad Abd al-Khaliq Hassouna, the First Asian-African Conference held in Bandung, Indonesia (18-24 April 1955), a report submitted by Muhammad Abd al-Khaleq Hassouna, Secretary-General of the Arab League, to the League Council in August 1955.
Master's and doctoral theses
• O. Suryanarayanan, Role of the non-aligned nations in U.N.O. for peace and disarmament 1960-1987, PhD thesis, Department of History- University of Calicut, 2002.
• Ahmed Ali Mansour, Xu Enlai and its Impact on Chinese Politics (1898-1976), an unpublished MA thesis, College of Education for Human Sciences - University of Diyala, 2019.
• Osama Sahib Monem Al-Janabi, Egypt and the Non-Aligned Movement, Unpublished Master's Thesis, College of Education - University of Babylon, 2007.
• Thamer Makki Ali Al-Shammari, Muhammad Mosaddeq and his political role in Iran, unpublished MA thesis, College of Arts - University of Baghdad, 2008.
• Hasina Adalah, Gamal Abdel Nasser and the Algerian Revolution 1954 - 1962 AD, unpublished master's thesis, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences - Mohamed Boudiaf University of M'sila, 2016.
• Sajjad Hasan Alwan, Turkish-Chinese Relations (1949-1955), an unpublished master's thesis, College of Arts - Iraqi University, 2020.
• Suha Adel Othman Al-Bayati, Mao Zedong and his political role in China (1921-1976), unpublished MA thesis, College of Education for Human Sciences - University of Babylon, 2014.
• Suso Ibrahim El-Shahat Khayal, Egypt and the Politics of Non-Alignment and Positive Neutrality (1954 - 1958), unpublished MA thesis, Faculty of Arts - Mansoura University, 2005.
• Safia Suhailat, The Vietnamese Revolution (1964 - 1975), an unpublished Master's thesis, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Muhammad Kheidir University, 2014.
• Adel Hassan Dafar Al-Fartousi, The National Movement in Egypt 1922-1936 AD, unpublished MA thesis, College of Arts - University of Baghdad, 2006.
• Massad Rustom Hammadi Al-Rajhi, NATO and its position on international issues (1949 - 1969), unpublished doctoral thesis - College of Education (Ibn Rushd) - University of Baghdad, 2018.
Books
• Yitzhak Shichor, The Middle East in Chinas Foreign Policy 1949-1977, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1979.
• Jaafar Abbas Hamidi, History of Contemporary Iraq 1914 - 1968, Baghdad, Adnan House and Library, 2nd Edition, 2015.
• Raafat Ghonimi Al-Sheikh and others, Modern and Contemporary History of Asia, Cairo, Ain for Human and Social Studies and Research, 2004.
• Mahmoud Aziz Shukri, Alliances and blocs in global politics, Kuwait, The National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters, 1978.
Published Research:
• Saddam bitter Muhammad Attia, International and Regional Conflict in the Middle East and its Impact on the Arab Region (A Model of the Arab Spring Revolutions), Tikrit Journal of Political Science, College of Law and Political Science - University of Kirkuk, Issue (11).
• Ali Abdul Wahed Hassoun Al-Sayegh and Qasim Jiyad Abdullah Al-Zubaidi, Salah Salem and Political Developments in Egypt (1955 - 1956), Al-Qadisiyah University Journal of Arts and Educational Sciences, No. (1) 3, Volume 17, 2017.
Newspapers
• Al-Ahram Newspaper, Cairo, Issue 14959, 2/1/1955.
• 人民日報，北京, 11/3/1955, 第1.
• 人民日報，北京, 16/3/1955, 第1.
• 人民日報，北京, 19/4/1955, 第1.
• 人民日報，北京, 20/4/1955, 第1.
• 人民日報，北京, 26/4/1955, 第4.
• 人民日報，北京, 29/4/1955, 第4.
• 人民日報，北京, 20/8/1955, 第1.
• 人民日報，北京, 26/8/1955, 第1.
Encyclopedias
• Abdel-Wahab Al-Kayyali and others, Encyclopedia of Politics, Volume 2, 3, 4, 6, Beirut, The Arab Foundation for Studies and Publishing, 1979.
• Ahmed Attia Allah, Political Dictionary, Cairo, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Masryah, 3rd edition, 1968.
• Hassan Latif Al-Zubaidi, Encyclopedia of Iraqi Politics, Beirut, Al-Araf Publications Company, 2013.
• Encyclopedia Britannica Library (C.D), Chicago,2014.