The Status of Education in Lebanon under the French Colonialism 1920-1943
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Abstract
The study aims to shed light on the conditions of Lebanese education under the French colonialism 1920-1943 and to examine the situation of the Lebanese student and how colonialism affected the educational path in Lebanon, as well as researching the impact on educational curricula and control over the Lebanese encyclopedia, especially the great role of education in influencing society. The Lebanese and how colonialism exploited this factor in changing society and controlling the largest group of it by entering it through the path of education and modernity and an explanation of the change and difference that this path brought about among the groups of Lebanese society.
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College of Education for Humanities, TIKRIT UNIVERSITY. THIS IS AN OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE UNDER THE CC BY LICENSE http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
References
First: Arabic and Arabized books
(1) Joseph Saqr, Lebanon and the Renaissance, Palestine Library, Beirut, d.T., part 6.
(2) Abdul Karim Yafibi, Education in the Levant in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century, Arab Writers Union, Beirut.
(3) Youssef Al-Hakim, Beirut and Lebanon in the era of the Othman family, 4th edition, Dar Al-Nahar, Beirut, 1991, pp. 31-32
(4) Kamal Suleiman Al-Salibi, Modern History of Lebanon, Dar Al-Nahar, Beirut.
(5) Linda Mortada Al-Husseini, The Women's Movement and its Educational, National and Social Contributions in Lebanon and the Arab World in the First Half of the Twentieth Century, Arab House of Science Publishers, Beirut, 2015.
(6) Khaled Abdel Qader Al-Jundi, Scientific and Cultural Life in Beirut in the Last Quarter of the Nineteenth Century and the Beginning of the Twentieth Century, The University’s Voice, Beirut, d.T.
(7) Kamal Deeb, Contemporary History of Syria from the French Mandate to the Summer of 2011, Dar Al-Nahar, Beirut, 2011.
(8) Hassan Hallaq, The History of Contemporary Lebanon 1913-1952, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Beirut, 2010.
(9) Khalil Arzouni, the abolition of sectarianism in Lebanon and the separation of sects from the state, a study in social history, Dar Al-Nahar, Beirut, 1997.
(10) The same source, p. 150; Ordrick Matthews, Matta Akrawi, Education in the Arab Middle East, Al-Asriyya Press, d.d., d.t.
(11) Said Mourad, The unionist movement in Lebanon between the two world wars 1914-1946, Arab Development Institute, Beirut, 1986.
(12) George Hanna, From Occupation to Independence, Lebanon in a Quarter Century, d.d., Beirut, 1946.
(13) Fawaz al-Tarabulsi, History of Modern Lebanon from the Emirate to the Taif Agreement, Riyadh Al-Rayes for Books and Publishing, Beirut, 2008, pp. 105-106; T .
(14) Abdel Hamid Fayed, Special Education in Lebanon, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, 1975.
(15) Masoud Daher, Lebanon's Social History 1914-1926, Dar Al-Farabi, Beirut, 1974.
(16) Mounir Bashour, The State and Education in Lebanon, The Lebanese Association for Educational Sciences, Beirut, 1999.
(17) Mohi El-Din Hashisho, A quick look at educational curricula and educational peace in Lebanon, unifying educational peace in the Arab countries in the light of the strategy for developing Arab education, publications of the Arab Teachers Union, Tunis, 1986.
(18) Ali Suleiman Al-Miqdad, Lebanon, from the sects to the Taif, the Arab Center for Research and Documentation, Beirut, 1991.
(19) Despair Abu Shabakah, The Links of Thought and Spirit between East and West, d.d., Beirut, 1945.
(20) Masoud Daher, The Historical Roots of the Lebanese Agricultural Question 1900-1950, Lebanese University Publications, Beirut, 1983.
(21) Abd al-Rahman al-Kayyali, The Stages in the French Mandate and in Our National Struggle, the Era of De Martel from 1934 to 1936, Al-Dhad Press, Aleppo, 1960.
(22) Hikmat Ali Ismail, The French Colonial Regime on Syria, 1920-1928, Research in the Modern History of Syria through Documents, presented by Muhammad Khair Faris, Tlass House for Studies and Translation, Damascus, 1998.
(23) A group of authors, Greater Lebanon State 1920-1996, Lebanese University Publications, Beirut, 1999.
(24) Philip Hitti, Lebanon in history from the earliest times to our present time, translated by Anis Fariha, Dar al-Thaqafa, Beirut, 1955.
(25) Ragheed Al-Solh, Lebanon and Arabism, Dar Al-Saqi, Beirut, 2006
(26) Ali Abdel Moneim Shuaib, The Demands of Jabal Amel 1900-1936 Unity and Equality in Greater Lebanon, University Foundation for Studies, Publishing and Distribution, 1987.
(27) Shafiq Juha, Bahij Othman, Munir al-Baalbaki, the photographer in the history of Lebanon according to the last formal education curriculum in the Lebanese Republic, The Knowledge of Millions, Beirut, 1951.
(28) Talal Atrissi, The Jesuit missions, the task of preparing the political elite in Lebanon, a historical documentary study, the International Distribution Agency, d.m., 1987.
(29) Imad Al-Zoghbi, The Student Movement, Fifty Years of Struggle 1951-2001, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Hadith Foundation, Beirut, D0T.
(30) Masoud Daher, Lebanon: Independence Charter and Formula, Arab Development Institute, Beirut 1977.
(31) Hanifa Al-Khatib, The History of the Development of the Women’s Movement in Lebanon and its Relationship to the Arab World 1800-1975, Dar Al-Hadathah, Beirut, 1984.
(32) Philip de Terazi, History of the Arab Press, Literary Press, Beirut, 1913.
(33) Emily Fares Ibrahim, The Lebanese Women's Movement, House of Culture, Beirut, d.T.
(34) Betty S. Anderson, The American University of Beirut, Arab Nationalism and Liberal Education, translated by Azmi Tabbah, Ahlia for Publishing and Distribution, Beirut, 2014.
Second:books Einglish
(1).A.E,Rapport Ala Socieete Des nations sur La situttion D La Syria Du libano ,annee 1930,paris ,1931.
(2)Chevalley _Foire-exposition de Beyrouth"L,enseignemnt en Syria et au Liban ".
(3)Hani Fayyad ""The effects of sectarianism on the Lebanese administra-(53) tion " _ thesis.
(4)La Syria et Le Liban sous, Ocupation et Le mandate francais 1919-1927..
(5)Raymon, O,zoux Les etats Du Levantsous mandat francais,paris,1931.
(6)Son Application A L ,etat De Danas ,paris ,Orgisation De La Syria Sous Le Mandat Francais.
: University theses and dissertations: Third
(1) Abdul Rahman bin Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman, Evangelization in the Levant (Lebanon - Syria - Palestine - Jordan), an unpublished master's thesis, College of Da`wah and Media, Imam Muhammad bin Saud University, Saudi Arabia, 1984.
(2)Ali Obaid Shukri Al-Rikani, Economic and Social Developments in Lebanon under the French Mandate, 1920-1943, unpublished MA thesis, College of Arts, University of Mosul, 2012.
:Newspapers and magazines Fourth
(1) Zahia Qadora, Beirut’s Woman, History and Positions, Al-Jabal Magazine, Twelfth Year, No. 135, February 1992.
(2)Masoud Daher, Lebanese-Turkish Relations in the Era of the French Mandate 1920-1943, The Arab Future Magazine, Issue 9, Volume 9, September 1986.
Wikipedia: Fifth
The French Wikipedia on the following link: hhp://www.h.orgvaphin.net, george picot
:published research Sixth
(1) Taha Khalaf Muhammad and Mahmoud Salih Abd al-Jubouri, The Jaffa-Jerusalem Railway and its Economic and Social Impact on the Levant 1888-1914, Tikrit University Journal, Issue 130, June 27, 2020.
(2) Raed Sami Hamid, The Position of Syria and Lebanon from the outbreak of World War II until 1941, Tikrit University Journal, Vol. 4, Issue 10, 2008, pp. 129-130.