حادثة الفأس 1976 وردة الفعل الامريكي
الشريط الجانبي للمقالة
محتوى المقالة الرئيسي
الملخص
شغل الصراع بين الكوريتين منذ انتهاء الحرب الكورية 1953 وتحديد المنطقة المنزوعة السلاح بينهما حيزاً كبيراً من الاهتمام الدولي ، بسبب تواجد القوات الامريكية في تلك المنطقة التي اخذت تسعى لتزويد فيتنام الجنوبية بقوات كورية جنوبية ضد فيتنام الشمالية ، لذا كانت سياسة كوريا الشمالية موجه لإثارة الاستفزازات في المنطقة المنزوعة السلاح ،لأشغال القوات الامريكية والكورية الجنوبية عن حرب فيتنام ، فضلاً عن رغبة كيم إيل سونغ زعيم كوريا الشمالية في ايقاف التقدم الاقتصادي الذي حققته كوريا الجنوبية من خلال الدعم الامريكي وادخال الشركات الاجنبية للاستثمار في كوريا الجنوبية واعادة علاقات الاخيرة مع اليابان ، لذا سعى لنشر الفوضى والتهديدات في تلك المنطقة لإثارة قلق الشركات الاجنبية لمغادرة كوريا الجنوبية وشل اقتصادها ، ورغبة منه في اشغال شعبه في القضايا الخارجية لإبعادهم عن الازمات الاقتصادية التي تعاني منها كوريا الشمالية والتي قد تدفعهم للانقلاب ضده كما حدث عام 1956 ، كان له هدف اخر وهو محاولة اعادة توحيد الكوريتان .
كل تلك الاهداف سعى لتحقيقها من خلال اثارة الاستفزازات في المنطقة المنزوعة السلاح وكان منها حادثة القتل بالفأس، الحدث الأكثر وحشية في تاريخ المنطقة الأمنية المشتركة في بانمونجوم، في 18 اب 1976. وقد أدت إلى تصعيد التوتر بين الكوريتين بشكل كبير، والتي كادت تؤدي لاندلاع حرب كورية أخرى. وهكذا حاولنا في هذه الدراسة تحليل اسباب تلك الحادثة وما سببته من خسائر للطرفين وردة الفعل الامريكي، وكيف انتهت بتدخل الامم المتحدة دون الدخول في حرب كورية جديدة .
المقاييس
تفاصيل المقالة
هذا العمل مرخص بموجب Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
المراجع
First / US State Department documents
Foreign Relations Of The United Sates, , 1969–1976, VoL, XIX, PART 1, Korea, 1969–1972, North Korean Shootdown of a U.S. Reconnaissance Flight and Contingency Planning, January–November 1969.FRUS
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v19p1/ch1?start=3
Second / Wilson Center Documents
-Telegram from New York to Bucharest, SECRET, Urgent, No. 060.387,” August 20, 1976. Archives of the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Matter 220 – Relations with the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, 1976. Obtained by Izador Urian and translated by Eliza Gheorghe. Available online: http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/114115
-Telegram from Pyongyang to Bucharest, SECRET, Urgent, No. 067.219,” August 26, 1976. Archives of the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Matter 220 – Relations with the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, 1976. Obtained by Izador Urian and translated by Eliza Gheorghe. Available online: http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/114119
Third: National Security Documents
The National Security Agency and the EC-121 Shootdown, Special Series Crisis Collection,Vol.3,Cited in:NSA,1989,
Fourth / American meeting minutes
Minutes of Washington Special Actions Group Meeting, Washington, August 18, 1976, 3:47–4:43 p.m., NO.282, P.6 , https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve12/d282;
Fifth: Documentary books
-Christian F. Ostermann and James F. Person, Series Editors, The Rise And Fall Détente on the Korea Peninsula, 1970-1974, Washington, 2011
- Mitchell Lerner, This Warmongering State of Mind:” New Materials on the Korean Crisis of 1968, New Romanian Evidence on the Blue House Raid and the USS Pueblo Incident , North Korea International Documentation Project, 2012 .
-Sergey S. Radchenko, The Soviet Union and the North Korean Seizure of the USS Pueblo: Evidence from Russian Archives, One Woodrow Wilson Plaza, Washington, 1991.
Sixth: Unpublished Arabic theses and dissertations
-Ahmed Mohammed Jassim, US Foreign Policy Towards the Korean Peninsula During the Era of President Harry Truman 1945-1953, Unpublished Master's Thesis, College of Education, University of Diyala, 2008.
-Talal Ismail Ibrahim, The Korean Experience (A Study of the Duality of Tradition and Modernity in the Republic of Korea 1948-1988), Unpublished Master's Thesis, College of Arts, University of Baghdad, 2014
Seventh / Korean Dictionary
lpyong J. Kim, Historical Dictionary of North Korea, Asian/Oceanian Historical Dictionaries, No. 40 , The Scarecrow Press, Maryland, and Oxford, 2003.
Eighth / Arabic books
-Osama Murtada Al-Saeedi, The United States of America and the United Nations after the Cold War, Dar Maktabat Al-Basaer - Lebanon, 1st ed., 2011,
Ninth / Foreign books
-Chang-hyun Jung, Kyeot-aeseo Bon Kim Jeong-Il (“Seeing Kim Jong Il from Beside Him”)(Seoul: Kimyeongsa, 2000.
-Christopher Richardson, "Hagiography of the Kims and the childhood of saints", 3-Change and Continuity in North Korean Politics, London / New York: Routledge, (2017).
-Don Oberdorfer, The Two Koreas: a contemporary history. Perseus Books Group, (1997) .
-Hong, “Wigi sog-ui chongjon hyopchong- Pueblo sakeon-gwa P’anmunjôm tokki salhae sakeon” (“In Crisis: The Pueblo and Panmunjom Axe Murder Incidents”).
- Kyeot-aeseo Jung, Bon Kim Jeong-Il (“Seeing Kim Jong Il from Beside Him
- Filippo Antonioli,The Korean War and the DMZ, Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche, Anno Accademico, 2016,
-FC Schumacher and GC Wilson , Bridge of No Return: The Ordeal of the USS Pueblo, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York, 1971.
-Gabriel Jonsson, Peace-Keeping in the Korean Peninsula; Michishita, North Korea’s Military-Diplomatic Campaigns; Downs, Over the Line; Bill Ferguson, date unknown. Memories of JSA, Sept ’75–Oct 1976
- Mitchell B. Lerner, The Pueblo Incident: A Spy Ship and the Failure of American Foreign Policy, University Press of Kansas, 2002.
- Narushige Michishita, North Korea's Military-Diplomatic Campaigns, 1966-2008 , New York,2010
-http://bill_ferguson.tripod.com/JSA Memories.htmRick Atkinson, "The Long Gray Line: The American Journey of West Point's Class of 1966"
- Van Jackson, Rival Reputations :Coercion and Credibility in US-North Korean Relations, Cambridge University Press,2016.
- Richard G. Head, Frisco W. Short, and McFarlane, Robert, Crisis Resolution: Presidential Decision Making in the Mayaguez and Korean Confrontations (Boulder, CO: Westview Press,1978),
- Reed R Probst , ("Negotiating With the North Koreans: The U.S, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, 16 May 1977.
Tenth: Published foreign research
- Andrew J. Gawthorpe"The Ford Administration and Security Policy in the Asia-Pacific after the Fall of Saigon", The Historical Journal, 52(,(September 2009), 3
-Benjamin Young, Before “Fire and Fury”: The Role of Anger and Fear in U.S.–North Korea Relations, 1968–1994, The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol. 32, No. 2, June 2020.
-Jeffrey Kimball, “The Nixon Doctrine: A Saga of Misunderstanding,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 36, no. 1 (2006):
- Koon Woo Nam, North-South Korean Relations: From Dialogue to Confrontation, Pacific Affairs, Vol. 48, No. 4 (Winter, 1975-1976),
-Seuk-ryul Hong, “Wigi sog-ui chongjon hyopchong- Pueblo sakeon-gwa P’anmunjôm tokki salhae sakeon,” (“In Crisis: The Pueblo and Panmunjom Axe Murder Incidents”) Yôksa pip’yông 63, no. 1 (2003)
Eleventh / Foreign newspapers
-Jay Matthews, “North Korea at Summit Seeks Anti-US Move, 3d World Pact,” Washington Post, August 18, 1976
-2-Murray Marder, “State Department Reverses Stand on N. Korea’s Regrets,” Washington Post, August 24, 1976
Twelfth / Korean sources
-판문점 도끼 만행 사건, https://en.namu.wiki/w/.; https://adst.org/2014/12/the-bizarre-north-korean-axe-murders/1976년 8월 18일 오전 11시경 판문점 공동경비구역 내 사천교(돌아오지 않는 다리) 근방에서 미루나무 가지치기 작업을 하던 유엔사 경비병들을 북한군 수십 명이 도끼 및 흉기로 구타, 살해한 사건.
Thirteenth / Internet sites
https://www.britannica.com/place/demilitarized-zone-Korean-peninsula
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Park-Chung-Hee
http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/114107
https://www.voakorea.com/a/2922255.html;
-https://magazine.atavist.com/axes-of-evil-north-korea-dmz-tree-murders/
Oby Luckhurst, BBC News, The DMZ 'gardening job' that almost sparked a war
http://www.vfwpost7591.org/opn-PB.html;
https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/F000260.
https://ns.clementspapers.org/briefing-books/korea-tree-incident