Crafts and Folk Industries in Iraq in Last Ottoman Era 1869 – 1914
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Abstract
The folk crafts and industries in Iraq kept their artisanal organizations during the last Ottoman era, as this era dominated the simple production relations that did not fit the development witnessed by the modern industry, so most of the folk crafts and industries remained based on the basis of simple handicraft production that did not go beyond being the remains of home and household crafts which was prevalent in the past and managed by simple machines, and most of its production went to local consumption. We note that most of the popular industries were linked to the population’s need to cover their daily needs, such as the textile and metal industries, the wood and leather industries, and the pottery and ceramic industries. The craft unions were considered the organized institutions and the preservation of folk industries. Although the system of crafts and items is old in formation during the Ottoman era, the trade unions and items witnessed a remarkable development in their institutions and formations in proportion to the temporal and spatial development witnessed by the reality of popular industries in Iraq, and the crafts items played to organize the craft systems. Professionalism and fair prices as well as organizing professions and their divisions in terms of preparing the craftsman and his belonging to the class; in other words, it is a social and economic union that organizes the general structure of each craft, starting with the head of the craft or its sheikh, down to the smallest worker in it in terms of rights and duties.
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