Main Article Content

Mohamed Ali Hamad
t-jtuh@tu.edu.iq
Jassim Muhammed Abd
t-jtuh@tu.edu.iq

Abstract

Prior to the beginning of the Iran-Iraq conflict, significant developments occurred in both nations, including the ascension of Khomeini to power in Iran and the rise of Saddam Hussein to power in Iraq following his ousting. Additionally, the Iranian government's numerous military incursions into Iraqi territory contributed to the eventual outbreak of hostilities. Amidst the Iran-Iraq conflict, the Iranian government made a public statement regarding the official stance of the Moroccan government and several other nations, who have declared their support for Iraq. This is due to Iraq's strategic location and role as a stronghold against the perceived Iranian threat. These nations have expressed their willingness to provide financial aid, weaponry, and equipment to the Iraqi government, and to utilize media channels to report on the ongoing developments of the war between the two nations. Furthermore, the formation of nations. Several nations, including Libya and Syria, have expressed their support for the Iranian government's position on the oil dispute with Iraq. Additionally, Algeria and the Arab League have acted as mediators between the two nations.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Article Details

How to Cite
Hamad, M. A., & Abd, J. M. (2023). The Position of the Moroccan Kingdom Regarding the Iraqi-Iranian war1980-1988. Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities, 30(5, 2), 172–184. https://doi.org/10.25130/jtuh.30.5.2.2023.11
Section
Articles

References

(1) Akram Nour El-Din, History and Documents of the Second Half of the Twentieth Century, Events, Media and Documents, Dar Al-Nafaes for Printing and Publishing, Beirut, (D.T), p. 549.

(2) Labib Abdel Sattar, The Gulf Story, Permanent Interaction and Continuous Struggle, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Beirut, 1989, p. 179.

(3) Khalil Elias Murad, The Gulf War and its Repercussions on Arab National Security, Al-Hurriya House for Printing and Publishing, Baghdad-1987, p. 63.

(4) Raad Majeed Al-Hamdani, The Iraqi Army’s Great Battles from 1973-2003, Amna Publishing House, Amman-2013, p. 87.

(5) Muhammad Badi’ Sharif, Scientific and Political Analysis in the March of Arabs and Persians in History 1917-1984, Sinai Publishing, Cairo, 1985, p. 256.

(6) The speeches of King Hassan II are unpublished, symbolized hereafter by (K.W,G) His Majesty holds a press conference, Volume 6, September 21, 1980.

(7) The Moroccan Al-Alam newspaper, year 37, issue 11065, dated September 20, 1980

(8) Al-Quds Committee: The Committee was established in accordance with the decision of the Sixth Conference of Foreign Ministers of the Member Countries of the Organization of the Islamic Conference held in Jeddah in 1975. The Committee included many objectives to study the conditions of Jerusalem and Arab issues. The Committee consists of sixteen countries. For more see: Arab International Newspaper in the Middle East, Saudi Arabia, Issue 15368, December 25, 2000.

(9) K, W, G, His Majesty sends a telegram to the President of the Iraqi Republic, Volume 6, dated September 24, 1980.

(10) H, W, G, Your Majesty sends a telegram to the President of the Iranian Republic, Mr. Abul-Hassan Bani-Sadr in Tehran, Volume 6, on September 24, 1980.

(11) The Moroccan Al-Alam newspaper, year 37, issue 10611, dated September 26, 1980.

(12) Waheed Abdel Majid, The Emergency Arab Summit and the Arab Regional Order, The Arab Future Magazine, No. 107, 1988, pp. 106-108; Moroccan newspaper Al-Anbaa, Year 30, Issue 1723, dated September 14, 1981.

(13) Al-Anbaa Moroccan Newspaper, Year 30, Issue 1724, September 16, 1981.

(14) The Moroccan Al-Alam newspaper, year 35, issue 11071, September 26, 1980.

(15) The Moroccan Al-Alam newspaper, year 35, issue 11072, September 27, 1980.

(16) Complete Works, The Iraqi President, Part 9, House of Cultural Affairs, Baghdad, Iraq, 1982, p. 36.

(17) Moroccan Al-Alam newspaper, year 37, issue 11736, dated January 30, 1982.

(18) W.K.G., His Majesty presides over the opening of the works of the Jerusalem Committee, Volume 7, on July 6, 1982.

(19) d. K. And, File No. 396, The Arab Press, Iraqi News Agency, Source: The Jordanian Al-Dustour Newspaper, Document 49, dated May 14, 1982.

(20) Arab Diaries and Documents, Final Statement and Resolutions Issued by the Twelfth Arab Summit in Fez, Arab League Publications, Document No. 148, 1982, pp. 566-568.

(21) Miguel Hernandé de la Ramande, The Foreign Policy of Morocco, translated by: Abdelali Brouki, Zaman Publications, Rabat - Kingdom of Morocco, 1st Edition, 2005, pp. 90-92; Abdel Wahab Karim Hamid, Iraqi-Moroccan Relations in Light of International Changes, D-T, Rabat, 2015, p. 16.

(22) The Moroccan Al-Alam newspaper, year 37, issue 11739, dated July 16, 1982.

(23) Moroccan Al-Alam newspaper, year 37, issue 11740, dated July 17, 1982.

(24) Moroccan Al-Alam newspaper, year 36, issue 11712, dated August 27, 1982.

(25) Al-Mukhtar Al-Muti’, Major Political Problems and International Issues in the Twentieth Century, 2nd Edition, Emirates, 2000, p. 140.

(26) Al-Mukhtar Mutee’, The Adult Game in the Arab Gulf Region, Al-Wahda Magazine, Al-Maghrebiya, Issues (46-47), 1988, p. 237.

(27) Moroccan Al-Alam newspaper, year 37, issue 11740, dated October 6, 1982.

(28) Ahmed Abdul Majeed, War of Cities and Cities of War, Dar Al-Hurriya for Printing and Publishing, 1st Edition, Baghdad, 1987, p. 134.

(29) The Al-Hamidiyah Al-Mahmouda Holy Committee: It is the committee whose founding was announced in 1975, which included the Arab and Islamic countries, while its mission was no longer committed to solving Arab and Islamic issues, and Ahmed Sikonori was chosen as its head. See: Ibrahim Nasr El-Din, Refugees in International Conflicts in Africa, African Encyclopedia, Volume 5, 1997, p. 142.

(30) Ahmed Sekonori: (1922 - 1948) was born in the region of Frana, studied and learned the Holy Qur’an, and then completed a study in French schools in the capital, Conakry, and was separated from it because of his political activity. He was the first president of Guinea in 1961. See: Mohamed Khair Ramadan Youssef, Ahmed Sekotouri 1922-1984 Guinean President and African Leader, Al-Faisal Magazine, No. 182, Saudi Arabia, 1991, pp. 114-117.

(31) F.K. G., His Majesty's speech to meet with men of the national and international press, volume 8, on November 20, 1984.

(32) Ahmed Al-Khamlichi, The Islamic Dimension in International Relations, 1st Edition, Kingdom of Morocco Publishing House, 2005, p. 292.

(33) Kol Al-Arab magazine, Paris, statement of the emergency meeting of Arab foreign ministers on Middle East issues, No. 76, dated March 25, 1984; Miguel Hernandez de Laramendi, pp. 92-93.

(34) d. K. And, the Iraqi News Agency, file number 344, Al-Thawra newspaper, dated March 22, 1984, p. 22.

(35) F. K. G., a press interview with the Kuwaiti newspaper Al-Seyassah with His Majesty, Volume 9, on March 24, 1986.

(36) Al-Watan Al-Arabi Magazine, Issue 312, France, on May 22, 1985.

(37) f. G., His Majesty sends a letter to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, volume 8, dated June 10, 1984.

(38) Al-Thawra Al-Iraqiya Newspaper, Issue 5613, dated February 5, 1985.

(39) F. K. G., His Majesty speaking to Al-Sharq al-Awsat newspaper, Volume 8, April 4, 1985.

(40) F.K. G., His Majesty speaking to the Arab press after the emergency Arab summit, volume 8, on August 1, 1985.

(41) Javier Perez de Cuellar: (1920_ 2020) was born in Lima, Peru, in the year 2000-2001, a lawyer and an experienced Peruvian diplomat. France in 2004. See Source: de Cuellar, Meeting of the Month with Javier Pérez de Cuéllar Our Creative Diversity, Editor: Izar Raj, The UNESCO Courier, No. 49, Egypt, 1996, pp. 4-7.

(42) Called the UN Security Council to abide by Resolution 582 calling for a cease-fire between Iraq and Iran, Arab Unity Diaries and Documents for the year 1986, p. 302.

(43) Abdel-Hadi Al-Tazi, His Majesty King Hassan II at the height of global diplomacy, Da’wat al-Haq Journal, Issue 255, Morocco, 1986, pp. 125-125.

(44) K, W, G, a press interview with the Kuwaiti newspaper Al-Seyassah with His Majesty, Volume 9, dated March 24, 1986.

(45) k, W, G, a press interview with His Majesty the King with the director of the French magazine Le Nouvel Observateur, Volume 9, dated March 28, 1986.

(46) Ali Akbar Rafsanjani, known as Hashemi Rafsanjani: (1934-2017), was born in the village of Bahrman. He was imprisoned during the reign of the shah. After the revolution, he held several positions, including the position of Parliament Speaker from 1989-1997, the position of the Presidency of the Diagnostic Council in the interest of the regime for the year 1998-2017. See the source Al-Khund, Iranian Historical Encyclopedia, Part 4, Tehran, electronic edition, p. 229.

(47) d. K. And, the Iraqi News Agency, file number 397, document number 66, dated April 5, 1986.

(48) d. K. And, Arab Press, Iraqi News Agency, file number 399, document number 30, dated April 9, 1986.

(49) The Iraqi Republic newspaper, issue 6174, August 4, 1986.

(50) Documents and Speeches in the Journal of Lebanese Arab Affairs, Opening of the Economic and Social Council for the 40th Session, in Tunis No. 59, 1986, pp. 239-241.

(51) X, W, G, a press interview with His Majesty the King with Nouvel or Psservator magazine, vol. 9, dated October 1, 1986.

(52) d. K. And, the Iraqi News Agency, File No. 396, Source: Al-Thawra Newspaper, Iraq, dated October 2, 1987, p. 1.

(53) Kuwaiti Al-Seyassah newspaper, issue 6913, dated November 10, 1987.

(54) The text of the resolutions and the final statement issued by the influential Arab emergency summit in the Jordanian capital, Amman, on November 11, 1987, Arab Unity Diaries and Documents, p. 774-775.

(55) Abdul Qader Fahmy, The Iran-Iraq War and its Impact on Arab National Security, Arab Horizons Magazine, Issue 83, Baghdad-1989, p. 65.

(56) f. x. G., His Majesty King Hassan II, His Majesty's speech to the French newspaper Le Monde, Volume X, dated August 4, 1988.

(57) k, W, G, Another telegram of King Hassan II to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Vol. 10, dated August 11, 1988.

(58) k, W, G, His Majesty's speech to the press, Volume 7, dated November 11, 1991