The influence of Muslims on Western Europe in the field of medicine through the Crusades
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The Crusades were one of the manifestations of the transmission of Islamic civilization in Europe, as the Europeans relied on the knowledge of Muslims, especially in the field of medicine and the extent of its development. Thanks to Islam, the current rules of medical science were found. To know these facts, one must see the historical background that contributed to the development and prosperity of the medical field in Europe.
While Europe was in the dark ages, Islamic medicine entered it through Islamic cities such as Andalusia, which contributed to spreading medical awareness among Europeans. The sources reported that at a time when the Islamic Empire witnessed its golden age, Europe was living in darkness and barbarism, in addition to the Church that controls medicine, and the charlatans and charlatans were the ones who relied on them to heal the sick through their flimsy beliefs.
The Islamic medical literature reached a wide extent in its influence on Europeans, as it was translated into various European languages at the time, and these books continued for several centuries, and became the main sources on which Europeans rely on teaching them medicine, whether with its Arabic origins or through its translation. If the books of the Muslim Arabs remained, they were used as the book (al-Qanun) by Ibn Sina and the book (al-Hawi) by al-Razi and other books until the end of the sixteenth century AD.
Metrics
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
College of Education for Humanities, TIKRIT UNIVERSITY. THIS IS AN OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE UNDER THE CC BY LICENSE http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
References
Ahmed Tawfiq Al-Madani, The Muslims in Sicily and Italy, Mt: Of Cruz, (Algeria, 1969).
Osama bin Munqad, Book of Benefit and Consideration, edited by: Flip Hatti, University of Bartnall, (USA, 1930).
Anis Al Abyad, N Researches in the History of the Arab Islamic Civilization, Dar Gros, (Tripoli, 1994).
Paul Gulongi, Qutuf from History of Medicine, Dar Al Maaref, (Cairo, 1986).
Abu Al-Nafees, The Egyptian Authority, (Cairo, 1983). 5.
Burhan Al-Abed, Selections from the History of Medicine, The Union Stretch, (Damascus, 1990).
Jalal Mazhar, Islamic Civilization is the Basis of Scientific Progress, Middle East Book Center, (Cairo, 1965).
Zigrid Hunca, The Sun of Arabia Shining on the West, (Beirut, 1964)..8
Abdul Karim Mahfouz, The Genius of European Civilization, (Damascus, 1982)
Omar Farroukh, History of Science among the Arabs, Dar Al-Ilm, (Beirut, 1984).
Faiq Bakr Al-Sawaf, Some Islamic Civilizations in the Island of Sicily, University House, (Damascus, 1981).
Colton, The World of the Middle Ages and Civilization, translated by: Joseph Nessim, Dar Al Maaref, (Alexandria, 1969).
Gustave Le Bon, Civilization of the Arabs, translated by: Adel Zaatar, Matt Al-Halabi, (Cairo, 1969).
Al-Mahi Al-Tajani, Introduction to the History of Medicine, Publishing House, (Khartoum, 1959).
Mayerhof Max, Scientist and Medicine, (DM, DC). 15.
Muhammad Faiz Al-Qasri, the European-Arab and Islamic Renaissance, Zaid Bin Thabet House, (Damascus, Dr. T). 17.
Muhammad Ibrahim Al-Health, The Impact of the Arabs on European Civilization, Arab Awareness Library, (D.M., 1968).
Muhammad Al-Arous Al-Mutawi, The Crusades in the East and the Maghreb, Dar Al-Gharb, (Tunisia, 1982).
Muhammad Abdullah Anan and Others, The End of Islam in Andalusia, The Authorship and Translation Committee, (Cairo, 1966).
Muhammad Kamil Ayyad, The Impact of Sicily in Transmitting the Arab Islamic Civilization to the Europeans, (Damascus, 198).
Mahmoud Jalili, The Impact of the Arab Islamic Civilization on the European Civilization, (Kuwait, 1984).
Faisal Hassoun, Islam, Civilization and the Role of Muslim Youth, Dar Al Kutub, (Riyadh, 1997).
Rom Landau, Islam and the Arabs, translated by: Mounir Al-Baalbaki, Dar Al-Ilm Al-Mali'a, (Beirut 1962).
Said Abdel Fattah Ashour, European Universities in the Middle Ages, (Cairo, 1959).
Said Abdel Fattah Ashour, Research and Studies in the History and Civilization of Islam, The World of Books, (Cairo, 1978).
The Islamic City and its Impact on European Civilization, (Cairo, 1963). 26.
Joseph Nassim Youssef, Universities arose in the Middle Ages, Dar Al Ma'aref, (Alexandria, 1971).
Adel Al-Awa, Arab Lights on Medieval Europe, Oweidat Publications, (Beirut, 1983).
Wat Montmekry, The Impact of Arab-Islamic Civilization, Gayer In Gayer, Publications on Culture and Guidance, (dm, dt).