The Agricultural and Industrial Activity of the Religious Minorities in Baghdad (1831- 1914)
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Abstract
The academic studies and efforts of researchers have tended to study many important aspects of the Iraqi modern and contemporary history. Particularly, the social aspect, as it is one of the most important and complex aspect in the study of history which was not adequately addressed by researchers. This study highlights many facts that led to multiple changes in the lives of many groups of society, including religious minorities. In addition to their direct impact on the economic side within the context of those efforts. In fact, many academic studies independently dealt with the religious minorities in Iraq, but they focused on the political side and neglect other aspects, such as the economic side which is one of the most important aspects that need to be emphasized within studying religious minorities in Iraq in the late Ottoman era.The current study sheds light on the agricultural and industrial activity of religious minorities in Iraq at the end of the Ottoman era. It is divided into two parts: the first is the agricultural activity including agriculture and animal farming, and the second is the industrial activity comprising occupations and other handicrafts.The results of the study showed that the ownership of agricultural lands by religious minorities is natural, especially for those living in rural areas in the state of Mosul, and their living on the proceeds of the agricultural land which were made by various agricultural crops and animal products. The Jewish minority preferred possessing the agricultural land, especially at the end of the nineteenth century, though that minority did not work and partake on this aspect which raises exclamations. It was noted that those minorities, which were sustained by Zionism, were seeking the approval of the Ottoman state in the settlement of the world Jew in south of Iraq, but Sultan Abdul Hamid II insisted on rejecting that project. The religious minorities were part of Iraqi multi-ethnic society. They lived a respectable life together with the country Muslim population, which was much less in the rest of the Ottoman Empire. This was confirmed by many foreign explorers, as well as the European political officials who worked in Iraq, it was also exposed by the inclusive role of the religious minorities in all aspects of public life in Iraq.
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