The Seljuk Sultan Alps Arslan and His Jihadist Role At the Battle of Malakkid ( 463AH /1071 AD)
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Abstract
The research traces one of the most prominent battles of the great Seljuk sultans (Alp Arslan).The study highlights the extent of his courage and his deep rooted jihadi spirit . The research fosters his biography, and how he was granted different titles especially from the Abbasid Caliph, the Imam of God ( AH) / AD), after being capable of unifying the Seljuks under the umbrella of Abbasid Caliphate.
The research, furthermore, touches upon the details of the famous battle of Malaz Kard ( AH / AD) in which this Sultan won the battle over the Byzantine army by means of his military experience, good leadership, and overcoming the battle’s severe conditions including the great difference in number and equipment. The battle is a landmark in the history of Muslims in a sense that it had a great impact on spreading Islam in Anatolia and bringing about important changes regarding the political map of Asia Minor and the Levant during the period of the Abbasid caliphate.
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References
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Islamic sources have exaggerated the number of the Byzantine army, and this exaggeration was intended as a kind of propaganda for the Sultan, or perhaps Muslim historians wanted to be proud of this battle and exaggerated the number of the Byzantine army, and they reduced the numbers of the Seljuk army to increase the importance of this victory. Ibn Al-Jawzi, Al-Moazem, vol.8, p. 260; Ibn Al-Atheer, Al-Kamil, vol.6, p. 388.
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Butter of the Milk, Part 2, p. 62.
What is meant by the Seljuk sources, are those works that were devoted to talking about the Seljuks and most of them were written and dedicated to the Seljuk sultans, and the most important of them are: Siyasiyat Naama book by Minister Nizam al-Malik (d. The Seljuk state of al-Husayni (d.622 AH / 1224 CE), the history of the Seljuk dynasty of al-Bindari (d.643 AH / 1245 CE) and al-Ardah in the Seljuk story of Lizdi (d.743 AH / 1343 CE), and others.
Rahat as-Saduur, pp. 188-189.
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Ibn Al-Jawzi, Al-Muntazim, part 8, p. 261.
Al-Farqi, History, p. 189.
Ibn Al-Atheer, Al-Kamil, part 8, p. 388
. A source indicated that the reasons for the embassy sent by Alp Arslan to the emperor were to spy on the Byzantine army. Al-Bindari, History of the Seljuk State, p. 42.
Ibn Al-Adim also referred to the same meaning, see, Butter of Aleppo, Part 2, p. 72.
Ibn Al-Jawzi, Al-Muntazim, part 8, p. 216.
Ibn Katheer, The Beginning and the End, part 21, p. 107.
Ibn Al-Jawzi, Al-Moazem, part 8, p. 216.
The Beginning and the End, Part 21, pg. 107.
Al-Yafei, Mirror of Time, vol. 3, p. 85; Ibn Imad al-Hanbali, Shazhat al-Dhahab, vol. 3, p. 311.
Al-Kamil, part 8, pp. 388-389.
Ibn Al-Jawzi, Al-Muntazim, part 8, p. 260.
Ibn Al-Adim, Butter of the Milk, Part 2, p. 24.
Ibn Al-Jawzi, Al-Muntazim, part 8, p. 221.
Ibn Katheer, TheBeginning and the End, part 12, p. 107.
Al-Husayni, The Seljuk State News, p. 49.
As for the text of the message, it is: “O God, raise the banner of Islam and support it ... and extend the Mujahideen in your path, who in your obedience with their souls allowed and by your allegiance to them, they won. .. For it is forsaken in the generous of your sick patients and your merchants of giving money and soul. Oh God, as he answered your call and answered it, I allocate it to victory and help him in his purposes in good ways of judgment and fate. Ibn Al-Adim, Kamal Abi Al-Qasim Omar bin Ahmed (d.660 AH / 1361 AD), in order to seek the history of Aleppo, the investigation of Suhail Zakar, Dar Al-Fikr, (Beirut, dt), Volume 4, p. 179.
Ibn Al-Atheer, Al-Kamil, part 8, p. 389.
Al-Husayni, The Seljuk State News, p. 50.
This was confirmed by Ibn al-Jawzi in his book al-Mu'tazam, vol. 8, p. 261, and he said: “There were fifteen thousand conquerors with the Romans who were behind Constantinople.” Ibid., The Regular, Part 8, p. 261; Runciman, Stephen, Byzantine Civilization, translated by: Abd al-Aziz Tawfiq Jawid, (Cairo, 1961), vol.1, p. 98.
Al-Zahwa or Al-Rahwa: a desert between a mixer and a male. Al-Husseini, News of the Seljuk State, p. 53.
Ibn al-Qalansi, The Tail of the History of Damascus, p. 114.
Al-Husayni, The Seljuk State News, p. 58.
Ibn Al-Jawzi, Al-Muntazim, part 8, p. 269.
Al-Farqi, Its History, p. 19.
Ibn Al-Jawzi, Al-Moazem, part 8, p. 262.
Ibn Katheer, The Beginning and the End, part 12, p. 107.
Ibn Al-Jawzi, Al-Muntazim, part 8, p. 263.
Al-Hamad, Amara Abd al-Latif, The Byzantine Empire and the Crusader Princes, (Cairo, 1980), p. 34.
Ibid, pp. 62-63.
Ibn Al-Adim, Butter of the Milk, Part 2, p. 31.
- Renciman, Stephen, History of the Crusades, translated by: Abd al-Aziz Tawfiq Jaweed, (Cairo, 1961 AD), Part 1, p. 138.
Ibid., Part 1, p. 98.
Solomon, Muslims and Byzantines, p. 216.
Ibn Al-Jawzi, Al-Moazem, Part 8, p. 261.
Alexander, Byzantines and Seljuk Turks, p.88.
Ibid, 88.
Resiman, History of the Crusades, Part 1, pp. 101-102.
Reference Nex, Part 1, pp. 159-160.
Al-Qalqshandi, The Exploits of Al-Anafa, Part 1, p. 276; Al-Safadi, Al-Wafi Al-Fatalia, Part 2, p.92; Ibn Taghri Bardi, Al-Nujoom Al-Zahirah, Part 5, p.92.
Ibn Al-Jawzi, Al-Muntazim, part 8, p. 267; Ibn Al-Atheer, Al-Kamil, vol.8, p. 393.
Ibn Al-Atheer, Al-Kamil, part 8, p. 393. Al-Husseini, News of the Seljuk State, p.53, was the only one to mention the number with only one hundred thousand fighters.
Shams al-Malik Tekin ibn Tughmaj, and according to Ibn al-Atheer Tafakaj. Ibn Al-Atheer, Al-Kamil, vol.8, p. 393; Ibn Taghri Bardi, Al-Nujoom Al-Zahirah, Part 5, p.92.
Ibn al-Wardi, his History, vol.1, p. 565.
Same source, Part 1, p. 567.
Al-Bindari, History of the Seljuk State, p. 42.
Al-Rawandi, Rahat As-Saduur, p. 190.
Abu Al-Fida, Al-Muqisasir, Part 1, p. 189.
Ibn Al-Jawzi, Al-Moazem, part 8, p. 279.
Rawundi, Rahat As-Saduur, p. 190; Al-Yazdi, Al-Arradha, p. 51.
Ibn Al-Jawzi, Al-Muntazim, part 8, p. 278.
Al-Husayni, The Seljuk State News, p. 54.
Ibn Al-Atheer, Al-Kamil, part 8, p. 393.
Al-Yazdi, Al-Arada, p. 51.
Al-Husayni, The Seljuk State News, p.61.
Ibn al-Qalansi mentioned in his book The Tail of the History of Damascus, p. 106 about the death of Alp Arslan, that he was assassinated by Al-Batiniya. It seems that Ibn al-Qalansi made a mistake because the sources unanimously agreed that he was assassinated by Yusef al-Khwarizmi, and most of the doubt is that Ibn al-Qalansi linked the killing of Alp Arslan to the minister Nizam al-Malik who was assassinated by al-Batiniya, al-Subki, Taj al-Din Abi Nasr Abd al-Wahhab bin Ali Abd al-Kafi ( D. 771 AH / 1369 AD), Tabaqat al-Shafi’i al-Kubra, edited by: Abd al-Fattah Muhammad al-Hilu and Mahmoud al-Tanaji, Issa al-Babi al-Halabi Press, 1st Edition, (Cairo, 1966 AD), vol 4, pp. 353-354.
Ibn Al-Jawzi, Al-Muntazim, part 8, pp. 265-266.
Ibn Khallikan, The Fatalities of the Notables, Part 5, p. 70; Al-Safadi, Al-Wafi Al-Fatalia, Part 2, p.309.
Al-Rawandi, Rahat As-Saduur, p. 192.