Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities

Syntactic Deviation in Sargon Boulus's Poetry: Arrival at the City of Where as a Case Study

Osama Mohammed Kalash Hussein — Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research examines the phenomenon of syntactic deviation in Sargon Boulus’s poetry, specifically in his collection Arrival at Which City? (Al-Wusul ila Madinat Ayna), regarding it as one of the stylistic techniques that have endowed poetic texts with broad semantic dimensions and significantly enhanced their literary value. Syntactic deviation is one of the phenomena that reveal language’s capacity to transcend familiar patterns and establish new grammatical and syntactic relationships that confer upon poetic discourse semantic dimensions extending beyond direct expression into profound semantic depths. It also unveils the latent artistic characteristics of literary texts and contributes to the creation of meanings distinguished by expressive density, thereby granting the text a renewed existence grounded in creative configurations encompassing multipl epatterns. The research addresses the phenomenon of deviation as manifested in ellipsis in its various forms, as well as iltifāt (grammatical and stylistic shifts), which occurs in three forms: pronominal shift among the second-person addressee, the first-person speaker, and the third-person referent; temporal shift among the verb tenses of the past, present, and imperative; and stylistic shift between declarative and non-declarative modes. These shifts endow the text with depth and significance and open up horizons of interpretation before the reader, enabling the reader to become an active partner in constructing the text and its meanings.

Time and Space Lexicon in the Holy Quran: A Lexical-Semantic Study

Shahbaa Abdul-Razzaq Kareem — Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research aims to study the terms of time and place in the Holy Quran from a semantic and lexical perspective, revealing their linguistic and contextual meanings, demonstrating the impact of the Quranic context on shaping their meanings, and highlighting the rhetorical characteristics that distinguish their use in the Quranic style, as well as the precision of expression and beauty of imagery they achieve.

The problem addressed in this research lies in uncovering the relationship between the lexical and contextual meanings of terms of time and place in the Holy Quran, and demonstrating how these terms shift from their original meanings to other meanings dictated by the Quranic context, resulting in semantic and rhetorical dimensions that contribute to understanding the Quranic text and appreciating aspects of its miraculous nature.

The study employs a descriptive, analytical, and critical methodology by collecting the terms of time and place found in the Holy Quran, describing them, and analyzing their meanings in light of linguistic dictionaries and books of exegesis, while discussing and evaluating the opinions of linguists and exegetes. This study recommends expanding semantic and rhetorical studies of the words of the Holy Quran, focusing on linking lexical meaning to the Quranic context, and utilizing modern linguistic methodologies to uncover the dimensions of the Quranic text's rhetorical miracle.

The Qur’ānic Expressions of ‘Journeying’ and ‘Reflection’: A Semantic Study of Thirteen Conjoined Occurrences

Mayada Abdulkareem Ibrahim — Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research provides a comprehensive semantic and rhetorical study of the conjoined expressions of "journeying" and "reflection" in the Holy Quran, which appear in thirteen distinct instances across diverse stylistic forms: direct commands, affirmative questions, and reproachful inquiries. It aims to identify these occurrences, analyze their syntactic structures and contextual meanings, and uncover the rhetorical secrets of the conjunctions fa and thumma (then), alongside the interrogative kayfa (how), utilizing a descriptive and analytical methodology arranged in strict accordance with the traditional Quranic chapter sequence. The study concludes that prioritizing "journeying" over "reflection" establishes an empirical cognitive method linking sensory observation to inner contemplation. Furthermore, the central purpose of this juxtaposition is to draw profound lessons from the destiny of past deniers, affirming the absolute immutability of Divine laws in punishing tyrants regardless of their physical strength, vast numbers, or monumental civilizational achievements. Ultimately, Quranic travel encompasses both physical movement and mental reflection.

Estimating Surface Runoff Volume for the Wadi Al-Jadida Basin in Al-Alam Subdistrict Using the SCS-CN Method

Emad Hamid Mahidi Salih Al- Obaidi — Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study relied on the CN–SCS method, one of the most important techniques used for estimating water harvesting potential. It was developed by the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) under the name Runoff Curve Number (RCN) in 1970, and its final formula was established in 1986. One of the key advantages of this system is its accurate and comprehensive coverage of all land-use types. It also provides a clear and precise representation of antecedent soil moisture conditions.

Furthermore, the method explains soil porosity and permeability by classifying soils into four different hydrological groups. These groups indicate the suitability of each category in generating surface runoff. This model is characterized by its high accuracy in this field.

To obtain accurate and reliable results using the adopted model, Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques were employed.

Preliminary Spectral Models Representing Land Cover in Al-Alam District

Taha Khattab Khalaf Khattab — Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Cartographic studies focus on the production of thematic maps due to their role in clarifying the relationship between geographical phenomena and map characteristics. This research aims to produce a set of maps illustrating land cover classes in Al-Alam District in line with the research objectives and to identify influencing constraints. The study avoids specifying a time frame unless necessary to ensure the accuracy of the map. The findings revealed a variation in the areas of vegetation cover classes. Weak vegetation occupied the largest area, amounting to 870.76 km² (59.25%), followed by sparse vegetation with 462.39 km² (31.46%). Dense vegetation ranked third with 122.67 km² (8.35%), while areas with minimal vegetation were the least, covering only 13.77 km² (0.94%). Urban areas, totaling 108.49 km² out of the district's total area of 1469.59 km², include residential, transportation, commercial, and industrial lands according to the Anderson classification. The study recommends the periodic use of modern satellite imagery to monitor changes in land cover and land use patterns. It also calls for the adoption of effective water harvesting strategies, improvement of irrigation systems, and regulation of surface water usage through appropriate monitoring and control measures.

The Relationship between Rain and Rising Dust in Anbar Governorate

Mustafa Ali Hassan — Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000

his research utilizes data from four meteorological stations (Ramadi, Al-Qaim, Haditha, and Rutba) over a thirty-year period (1995-2024). Rainfall and dust storms were distributed monthly and seasonally for each station. The relationship between rainfall and dust storms was then analyzed theoretically by tracking dust storm frequency after wet and dry years for all stations. A year was considered wet if its annual rainfall exceeded the overall annual average for the study period, and dry if it fell below that average. The relationship was then statistically analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results showed no correlation between rainfall and dust storms in the study area. This was attributed to the low rainfall in the region, which prevents sufficient soil moisture from reaching and adhering to the soil particles. Additionally, the limited natural vegetation growth, which protects soil particles from being blown away and contributing to dust storms, further contributed to the problem.

Analysis and Modeling of the Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Groundwater in Sargaran Subdistrict

Hmood Marie Yaseen Aljubouri, Dali Khalaf Hamid Aljubouri — Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The study examined the geographical traits of groundwater and its environmental sustainability in Sarkaran subdistrict, located west of Dibs district in Kirkuk Governorate, alongside the Little Zab River in northern Iraq. The area spans coordinates between latitudes 35°31'32"–35°52'0" N and longitudes 43°43'30"–44°7'5" E, covering a total area of 727.651 km² according to recent surveying data. Employing inductive, analytical, and descriptive methods, the research identified notable physical and chemical variations in water quality, primarily attributed to local rock formations rich in soluble salts and minerals that significantly influence groundwater composition. Electrical conductivity values ranged from 244 to 3630 µS/cm³, total dissolved solids from 210 to 2187 mg/L, and pH levels from 6.6 to 8.1 across the studied wells. Well samples revealed an average calcium concentration of 236.9 mg/L, with a range of 90–550 mg/L, sodium levels between 49–125 mg/L, and bicarbonates ranging from 120–300 mg/L, collectively.

Spatial Variation of Plastic Pollution at Event and Festival Sites and Its Impact on Urban Tourism Sustainability in Al-Hillah City

Ahmed Abdul Karim Kazem — Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research aims to analyze the spatial variation of plastic pollution at event and festival sites in the city of Hillah and to examine its impact on the sustainability of urban tourism during 2026. The research adopted a descriptive approach, along with spatial and statistical analyses, to examine the levels, quantities, and sources of plastic pollution. It also employed a set of environmental and tourism indicators. The research covered 18 sites for tourism, recreational, and event activities. The results revealed clear spatial variation in the levels of plastic pollution among the sites. Open recreational spaces and squares recorded the highest level of pollution, at 94%, followed by religious tourism sites at 91%, while some sites recorded lower levels ranging between 47% and 51%. The results also showed that water and beverage bottles were the most widespread type of plastic pollutant, with a spatial prevalence of 100% and a contribution of 24.8% of the total pollution. Correlation analysis indicated strong and statistically significant relationships between plastic pollution indicators and the dimensions of urban tourism, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.65 to 0.81. Regression analysis showed that plastic pollution explained significant proportions of the variance in environmental quality, tourism landscape, tourism experience, tourism attractiveness, and continuity of tourism activity. The findings emphasize the importance of improving waste management, reducing the use of single-use plastics, and promoting sustainable environmental practices to ensure the sustainability of urban tourism in the city of Hillah.

The Origins and Development of Water Bottling Industry in Salah al-Din Governorate

Waqqas Ali Hamdan, Naseef Jasim Aswad Al.ahababi — Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Bottled water industry is considered one of the modern industries that emerged in response to the growing need for safe and clean drinking water amid increasing environmental pollution, population growth, and urban expansion. This industry has undergone several stages of development, beginning with primitive methods of water treatment and progressing to advanced technologies such as filtration, reverse osmosis, ozonation, chlorination, and ultraviolet disinfection. The study highlights the significant economic and public health importance of this industry, as it has become one of the fastest-growing manufacturing sectors worldwide and locally. It contributes to job creation, adds economic value, and plays a vital role in strengthening water and health security for society. The research also shows that bottled water production involves an integrated sequence of industrial stages, starting from bottle manufacturing and shaping, followed by purification and sterilization processes, filling, sealing, labeling, packaging, and finally storage and distribution. These stages reflect the integration of technological, health, and economic aspects within this industry, confirming its importance as a comprehensive industrial activity that relies on modern technology and international health standards.

The Relationship between Temperatures and Transport Load on Tikrit–Kirkuk Road

Talip Khalaf Abid — Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines the relationship between temperature conditions and transport-load suitability on the Tikrit–Kirkuk road, a strategic land corridor linking two active urban and economic centers in northern Iraq. The research treats transport load as an operational spatial-suitability indicator rather than as an isolated axle-weight record. The indicator is derived from quantitative and ordinal variables, including thermal class, areal percentage, road-risk class, subsidence density per 100 km, and solar-radiation level. The study applies a descriptive-analytical method supported by spatial analysis and measurable indicators such as weighted summer temperature, seasonal thermal contrast, and road-risk ranking. The findings indicate that road segments located within the highest thermal classes and medium-to-high risk zones are the most sensitive for heavy-freight operation. Consequently, the study recommends planning, engineering, and maintenance interventions to reduce thermal stress on freight movement and improve the reliability, safety, and continuity of transport service along the studied corridor.

The Jacobite-Nestorian Conflict in Iraq at the End of the Sasanian Era

Muhammad Netham Taha — Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research examines the doctrinal conflict between the Jacobites and Nestorians in the Sasanian Empire during its later years, analyzing how the theological dispute over the nature of Christ transformed into a sharp political and social confrontation. The study explores the origins of the two sects: the Jacobites, who adhered to the doctrine of one nature and were associated with the Western Syriac Christians, and the Nestorians, who affirmed the distinction between the two natures of Christ and were adopted by the Church of the East. The research reveals that the Sasanian state, despite its official adoption of Zoroastrianism, exploited this sectarian division to serve its political interests, particularly in its long conflict with Byzantium. The Sasanians viewed the Nestorians as reliable allies and considered the Jacobites an extension of the Byzantine enemy. The continuous wars between the two empires fuelled this internal conflict, which reached its peak shortly before the Arab-Islamic conquest. This weakened the Christian community in the region and facilitated the transfer of power to the new conquerors. Employing a descriptive historical approach, the research concludes that this conflict was not merely a doctrinal disagreement, but a pivotal factor in shaping the landscape of the East in the rise of Islam.

The Economic Crisis in the United States of America 1837-1842: An Analytical Study of Causes and Consequences

Duraid Waheed Ali Sheref — Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000

During the nineteenth century, the United States of America witnessed numerous cyclical economic crises that impacted the trajectory of the economic engine across all sectors, including the Panic of 1837. Following his election, U.S. President Andrew Jackson issued an executive order in 1833 that terminated the operations of the Second Bank of the United States and removed federal deposits from the institution. This highly controversial decision caused the government to lose control over the financial system and led to the proliferation of numerous private banks. Although the decisions issued by the Jackson administration regarding fiscal policy were intended to stabilize the economy, they ultimately yielded counterproductive results. Subsequently, the rapid rise in cotton prices, combined with increased production in the Southern states, occurred because foreign and domestic capital—left completely free for investment—remained unregulated. Consequently, speculative activities escalated rapidly in January 1836. Meanwhile, in the western regions of the United States, Americans shifted toward purchasing public lands from the federal government using paper currency. Ultimately, President Jackson's economic policies fueled heightened speculation within the paper money market.

Educational Treatment of the Phenomenon of Terrorism in Theatrical Discourse

Iman Abdul Sattar Attallah — Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study highlights the educational treatment of the phenomenon of terrorism in theatrical discourse, considering theatre as an artistic and educational tool that contributes to reinforcing human values and opposing extremism. The problem of the research can be formulated through the following question: What are the educational treatments of the phenomenon of terrorism in Iraqi theatrical discourse? The major objective of the study is that this study aims to identify the educational treatments of theatre in confronting terrorism. The research is limited to the theatrical performances that addressed the topic of terrorism and were presented on the stage of the National Theatre in Iraq as part of the Theatre Against Terrorism Festival in its editions from 2015 to 2022. The research community consisted of the above-mentioned performances, totaling 26 shows. The play entitled Saheel is chosen to be the sample of analysis and to draw conclusions related to the research topic. The researcher designed the research tool in the form of a questionnaire that included main and sub-themes to measure the presence of educational treatment of the phenomenon in theatre. The results show that theatrical treatment pay great attention to confronting religious fanaticism, as it ranked first among the patterns of terrorism addressed by the sample.

The Aesthetics of Semiotic Formation in the Iraqi Short Story “Zafir Naqi” by Issa Muslim as a Model

Tariq Hamid Suleiman Darwish — Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000

One of the critical transformations that has developed noticeably in modern studies is the emergence of narrative studies and their engagement with contemporary critical approaches that have appeared on the literary scene. Critical attention is no longer limited to the apparent structure of the text alone; rather, it has extended to a deeper exploration of the inner layers of texts through revealing the aesthetics of narrative formation within them. From this perspective, semiotics emerges as one of the modern approaches that seeks to uncover the secrets of this aesthetic dimension within the critical framework, considering the text as a system of signs that interact and intersect with one another to generate new meanings. Among literary genres, the Iraqi short story has received considerable critical attention over the past decades. This attention stems from its significance and from the particularity it carries, which arises from its historical roots and its intertwined cultural and social contexts.

Hence, the significance of this research lies in addressing the following question: How do the aesthetics of narrative formation manifest in the Iraqi short story, and how do they contribute to producing aesthetic meaning within the narrative text?

Present-moment Intentional Awareness according to the Theory of Jon Kabat-Zinn among University Students

Raghad Abdulmohsen Hamed Al- Bakr, Sabah Marshoud Manoukh Al- Obaidi — Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to identify intentional present-moment conscious according to Jon Kabat-Zinn’s theory among students at Kirkuk University and to examine the differences among them based on gender and academic specialization. The sample consisted of 340 third-year students equally distributed according to gender and specialization (scientific and humanities). The researchers developed a scale for measuring intentional present-moment awareness, including three domains: intentionality, present-moment focus, and non-judgmental awareness. After verifying validity and reliability, the final scale included 32 items, with a test-retest reliability coefficient of 0.608. Statistical methods such as the t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient are used to analyze the data. The findings reveal that university students possess a good level of intentional present-moment awareness. No statistically significant differences are found according to gender or specialization. The results also emphasizes the role of intentional awareness in enhancing students’ cognitive flexibility and accuracy. The study recommends implementing training programs.

The Effectiveness of Scenario-Based Learning in Developing Intellectual Passion among First-Year Students in Educational and Psychological Sciences Department

Ahmed Abdullah Mohammed — Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research aimed to identify the effectiveness of the Scenario-Based Learning (SBL) strategy in developing intellectual curiosity, as well as to determine the sustainability of this program's impact on students in the Department of Educational and Psychological Sciences at the College of Education, Tikrit University. To achieve this objective, the researcher relied on two instruments developed and designed by the researcher: an intellectual curiosity test and a scenario-based training program.

The experiment was implemented during the 2025/2026 academic year with a sample of 60 male and female students from the aforementioned department. The mean age of the participants was 20-43 years, with a standard deviation of 0.48(

The research results showed a statistically significant effect of the proposed program on developing intellectual curiosity among the participants. In light of these results, the researcher recommended incorporating this teaching model into the teaching methods courses for students at the College of Education, conducting training courses and workshops for faculty members to enable them to implement it, and encouraging professors to use modern strategies that stimulate active student participation and cultivate their intellectual curiosity.

The Effect of a Counseling Program Based on Cognitive Restructuring in Developing Emotional Independence among Secondary School Students

Adhab Jassim Mohammed, Salim Nouri Sadiq — Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The current research aims to determine the impact of a counseling program using the cognitive restructuring approach on developing emotional independence among secondary school students. The researchers employed an experimental design. The research population consisted of secondary school students in morning schools in Al-Khalis district, affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Diyala Governorate, during the 2025-2026 academic year, totaling 7,575 students. The statistical analysis sample comprised 400 students. To achieve the research objective, the researchers developed an emotional independence scale and verified the statistical properties of its items. The psychometric properties (validity and reliability) were also calculated. Furthermore, the researchers developed a counseling program using the cognitive restructuring approach. The program sample consisted of 20 students who scored lowest on the emotional independence scale. These students were divided into two groups (experimental and control), each with 10 students. The program comprised 12 counseling sessions. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the research data. The results of the current research showed that the guidance program using the cognitive restructuring method had an effect on developing emotional independence among middle school students, and the researcher came up with a number of recommendations and suggestions.

Sustainable Thinking among Students at the University of Mosul and Its Relationship to Some Variables

Saja Hazim Hassan Ali AI-Ali, Eman Mohamed Sherif Mohamed Ali — Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research aims to identify the level of sustainable thinking among students at the University of Mosul according to the variables of gender (male-female), specialization (scientific-humanities), and academic year (first, second, third, fourth). The descriptive correlational approach was used in the study. The research sample consisted of 800 male and female students. A scale for sustainable thinking was developed, and its psychometric properties (validity, item discrimination, and reliability) were verified using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences(SPSS).The results indicated that University of Mosul students possess a high level of sustainable thinking with no statistically significant differences between males and females in this level. However, statistically significant differences were found according to specialization. Regarding academic year, the results showed a remarkable convergence among students in all four years, with the highest average recorded for third-year students, followed by first-year students, then fourth-year students, while the lowest average was recorded for second-year students. Some recommendations were presented, including the necessity of focusing on developing sustainable thinking among university students due to its role in promoting awareness of sustainable development issues. Some suggestions included: exploring the relationship between sustainable thinking and certain variables (learning motivation, environmental awareness, and social responsibility).

The Impact of the Social Approach on Acquiring Concepts in Theories of Teaching and Learning among Third-Year Students at the Open Education College and Developing Their Scientific Sense

Wisam Mukhlif Hussein Saleh Al- Jubouri — Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The current research aims to identify the impact of the social approach on the acquisition of concepts in the subject of Theories of Teaching and Learning among third-year students at the Open Education College, and on developing their scientific sense. The researcher adopts an experimental approach with a two-group equivalent design (experimental and control). The sample consisted of 71 students, distributed as follows: the experimental group consists of 37 students, who were taught according to the social approach, and the control group consisting of 34 students, who were taught using the traditional method. The researcher prepared two instruments to achieve the objectives of the study: a concept acquisition test, which in its final form consisted of 51 items covering 17 basic concepts in the subject of theories of teaching and learning, whose validity, reliability, and discrimination were statistically verified; and a scientific sense scale, which consisted of 30 items, and whose validity and reliability were statistically verified. After conducting the experiment, the research instruments were administered to both groups, and the results were analyzed using statistical methods. The results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in concept acquisition and the development of scientific sense to a statistically significant degree at the level of (0.05), which indicates the effectiveness of the social approach in achieving the research objectives.

Impact of Drugs and Stimulants on Academic Performance of Secondary School Students in Salah al-Din Schools – As a Model

Madiha Khaled Abdullhameed Salamah Aljbouri — Sun, 25 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research explores the impact of drugs and stimulants on the academic performance of secondary school students in Salah al-Din Governorate, Iraq. Using a descriptive analytical approach, the study investigates how substance use—such as tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs—affects students' grades, attendance, classroom behavior, and overall academic engagement. Data was collected through questionnaires administered to a representative sample of students across various schools in the region. The findings reveal a strong negative correlation between drug use and academic performance. Students who engaged in substance use had significantly lower grades, higher absenteeism, and increased disciplinary issues compared to their non-using peers. The study identifies key contributing factors to drug use, including peer influence, family environment, and ease of access. Theoretical frameworks such as Social Learning Theory, Socialization Theory, and Addiction Theories were applied to explain these patterns. Based on the findings, the research recommends implementing school-based prevention programs, strengthening family-school relationships, and improving counseling services to address student substance abuse and promote academic success.