Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities

The Sensory Image in the Poetry of Abu Ishaq al-Ghazi (d. 524 AH)

2025-10-22T17:02:51+02:00

The poetic image in Arabic literature has received great attention by researchers and students of Arabic poetry. This study focuses on the sensory image in Abu Ishaq al-Ghazi’s poetry. His collection of poems contains numerous and wonderful sensory images that reflect his external world. These images are a means of entering the poetic text and understanding its structure and expressions. The study sheds light on the sensory images, which are divided into five types: visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory. Each image reflects the work of its own sense, and it also engages the reader’s senses and makes him feel the smallest details with the poet.

Social Rivalry in The Poetry of the Abbasid Era

2025-10-22T17:02:41+02:00

The Abbasid society was characterized by social diversity. The reason for this is due to the process of development and civilizational mixing between the Arab society and other societies that have come under its banner and for their abundance in this era, and the diversity of its resources from these places, which called for comprehensive mixing with these foreign elements included in the Abbasid society. For such mixing, social rivalries must arise caused by social factors based on hatred, envy, and competition, which constituted most of the causes of social rivalries in which opponents express their hatred with criticism, satire and following stumbacks in language, images, meanings and style. As a result, the forms of rivalries varied into personality and impersonal followed by motives that push poets to rivalry because of the spirit of competition, envy, competition

The Grammatical Guidance of the Absolute Effect in the Book Al-Shafi by Ibn al-Qarrab (414 AH)

2025-10-22T17:02:30+02:00

The research deals with grammatical guidance the topic of “absolute effect” by Ibn Al -Qarab in his book Al -Shafi in the Illness of the Readings, and he stands on the directives of the advanced scholars who are late for Ibn Al -Qarb in directing them to read the text from the Almighty saying. The study tries to show the extent of the influence by other scholars by Ibn al –Qarb. It was preceded by scholars in their direction of this reading, as well as scholars affected each other in directing this reading.

Design of a Material Movement Hazard Model in the Southern Qarah Chauq Fold

2025-10-22T17:02:20+02:00

The research focuses on studying the phenomenon of material movement and its impact on the stability of lands and structures located on the slopes in the southern Qarah Chauq Hills. This phenomenon causes negative effects on residential areas and agricultural lands. Due to the fluctuating natural factors in the area, a digital modeling approach was adopted to analyze the relationship between these factors in an integrated manner, which helps in better understanding their dynamic interactions. The study area is located within the geographical coordinates between latitudes 34°32'06" N and 34°57'43" N, and longitudes 36°55'44" E and 45°17'56" E. The fold is administratively located in the Makhmour district of Nineveh governorate, with parts of it in the Dibis district of Kirkuk governorate. The study employed modern cartography techniques to analyze images using software such as PCI Geomatica and ERDAS. Geographic Information Systems (ArcGIS) were also used to design models and analyze data, contributing to the creation of an integrated database and the production of final maps for the region.

The Sectorial and Spatial Trends of Small Industries and Ways of Developing Them in Salah AL- Din

2025-10-22T17:02:09+02:00

This research sheds light on the sectorial and spatial trends of small industries and ways of developing them in Salah AL- Din Governorate. Analysis and its variables at the sectorial (structural) and palatial levels. Depending on what the governorate owns of small industrial establishments and development potentials. After applying the rate of industrial importance at the sectorial (structural) level, it was found that AL- Sabr branch of food industries recorded the highest rate of industrial importance with a relative importance of (69.9%). It is followed by the wooden construction and textile industries, at rates of (21.7%, 11,1%, 1.4%) of the total small industries in the governorate, respectively. As for the spatial level, the industrial importance rate included three levels: the low level includes the districts whose rate ranges between (1.5% - 8.2%), which are Amerli, Ad-Dour, Dujail, Duluiya and AL- Alam, respectively. And an average that ranges between (8.3% - 15%) includes the districts of Shirqat, Al- Touz, Baiji, Ballad, and Tikrit, respectively, as for the high level, it ranges between (15.1% - or more) and is concentrated in Samarra district only, at a rate of (21.7%) of the total importance in the governorate.

Watching the Changes of the Land Cover and the Uses of Land in Al-Nibaei between Salah al-din and Al-Anbar for the period 1993-2023

2025-10-22T17:01:55+02:00

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) are modern and important technical tools for monitoring desertification, its risks, and control measures. They enable the exploration of target properties remotely and without contact, after which GIS software is used to input, store, analyze data, information, and maps, leading to the extraction of results and indicators that help address desertification in the region and manage its resources.

Monitoring land cover and land use can be defined as the periodic collection of information about the surface of the earth and its land cover and uses in a specific area through periodic surveys of that area using remote sensing data. This allows for monitoring changes in land cover and land use, identifying their locations, sizes, and types.

It can be said that satellite images are a visual historical record of land use and land cover patterns in different time periods when the images were taken. Therefore, the importance of remote sensing data lies in its contemporary use in surveying and planning land uses, to identify areas affected by desertification and environmental changes in the study area.

Spatial Distribution Trends of Educational and Health Services in the Countryside of Baiji and Sharqat Districts

2025-10-22T17:01:45+02:00

This paper includes a study of the educational and health services to show how they are important because they provide various aids needed by the residents of the study area, in addition to creating an aware and educated generation of rural people on the one hand, and ensuring human health and preserving their safety from diseases on the other hand. The reality of educational and health services in the countryside of Baiji and Sharqat districts for the year 2023 was addressed, through several educational and health indicators and a study of their standards to determine the degree of efficiency of these services. The study reached several results, the most important of which is that there is a significant shortage in the number of educational institutions, and that there is no hospital in the countryside of the study area .

Geographical Analysis of the Road Network in the Districts of Balad and Dhuluiya

2025-10-22T17:01:36+02:00

This research deals with the transportation system which plays an important role in the economic and social life of nations and peoples, as the road network represents one of the important elements in the transportation system. It is one of the four elements without which the transportation process cannot be completed. They are the road, the settlement, the means of transportation, and the transported materials. The network means the regularity of a group of roads in the form of a contract organized by a group of links. The aim of the research is to indicate the characteristics of the road network in the study area in 2024, the extent to which the degree of communication between urban settlements and the degree of connection and interconnection is achieved, and what centrality or mediation is achieved in the network and to know the degree of centralization of the network, its nodes, the index of road curvature, and its connection with human settlements.The research came with a number of results, as the lengths of paved roads in the study area reached 423 roads, as road maintenance works reached 180.25 km, road rehabilitation works reached 146.750 km, and paving works reached 189.600 km until 2023, and the number of rural roads is 46, with a length of 624.58 km, or 15% of the total paved roads in the study area, and thus the lengths of paved rural roads exceeded the lengths of main and secondary roads together, which are 61 km and 127 km. respectively, and by 34.7% for main roads and 13.5% for secondary roads, which indicates the importance of rural (agricultural) roads in the study area.

Geographical Analysis of Orphans in Kirkuk District for the Year 2023

2025-10-22T17:01:25+02:00

The phenomenon of orphans is one of the most widespread phenomena and has a great impact on society after the events, disasters, and wars that the research area witnessed, which caused a disruption in the social structure while leaving many of the community’s children homeless and without a breadwinner, which places the burden of supporting them on one of the family members or their relatives, and this leads to depriving them of the most important factors of healthy upbringing that children need.

Therefore, some important decisions need to be taken in order to protect this population group from destruction and loss. Kirkuk district suffers from the spread of the phenomenon of orphans, due to the circumstances it has gone through, from the deterioration of the security situation and the spread of chaos and security breaches that have caused the spread of terrorism, killing and explosions throughout the past years, until the occupation of some parts of the search area by ISIS terrorist gangs in June 2014.

In addition to traffic accidents and the spread of diseases, including infectious diseases such as viruses, all these factors have contributed significantly to the increase in the number of orphans. This research came to study the problem in order to reach its causes and reveal its main causes that led to the difference and variation in the spread of the phenomenon at the level of its administrative units, and their social and economic characteristics, using statistical methods to know the centers of its spread. The Arc Gis10.7.1 program was also relied upon to represent the phenomenon with high accuracy, the researcher concluded during his study that the number of orphans in the district reached (10,999) orphans.

Geographical Analysis of Population and Household Growth in Tikrit for the Period 2010-2023

2025-10-22T17:01:15+02:00

Tikrit is one of the most important urban centers in Salah al-Din Governorate, serving as its administrative center since 1976. Since 1947, it has been a city with high and accelerating population and household growth rates. As a result, its area has expanded and its population has multiplied many times due to its high population growth rate, which has reached more than 8% annually in some periods. In 2023, its population reached 123,828, making it the second most populous city after Samarra. Previous population policies, especially after 1976, led to increased population fertility and population movement toward the city, whether from within the governorate, its countryside, or from outside. Therefore, this topic was chosen to demonstrate this rate by residential neighborhoods and then address the problems resulting from growth, whether in housing, services, or slums. This research, also, provides decision-makers with an opportunity to plan for the future by estimating the future population size until 2033 to overcome these problems.

The Role of the Cellular Automata in Spatial Prediction of the Land Cover Changes in Al- Abasi District by Using CA-Markov Model

2025-10-22T17:01:05+02:00

Monitoring changes in land cover is a crucial environmental topic, as it contributes to the analysis and understanding of environmental transformations and the impact of human activities on natural resources. This research aims to apply the Cellular Automata (CA) technique, based on the CA_MARKOV model, within the IDRESI program to study spatial changes in land cover in the Hawija district center area. This is achieved through simulating these changes and forecasting future trends using satellite data for the years 2000-2024.

Remote sensing techniques were used in conjunction with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to process and analyze satellite images over a specific time period, enabling the detection of land use change patterns. The CA_MARKOV model relies on combining Markov chains, which determine the probability of transitions between land cover classes, and cellular automata, which simulate the spatial distribution of these future changes.

The study's results show clear changes in land cover within the study area, with an observed expansion of urban areas at the expense of agricultural land and natural spaces. The CA_MARKOV model also demonstrated its effectiveness in predicting future transformations with good accuracy, making it an important tool for supporting urban planning and sustainable environmental management.

Geomorphological Analysis of the Fault Escarpment of the Tigris River Between Al-Fathah and Al-Bu Tamma

2025-10-22T17:00:54+02:00

The study investigates the characteristics of the fault escarpment in the research area، aiming to analyze the geomorphological processes that have shaped the distinctive landforms of the region. The paper reviews the impact of tectonic activities and geological faults on the formation of the fault escarpment، as well as examining the effects of erosion and weathering on its development. Additionally، it addresses the role of watercourses in shaping the region's geomorphology through erosion and deposition processes. The study analyzes the various geomorphological features that characterize this area، with a focus on the relationship between geological and environmental interactions in the formation of the fault escarpment.

The Zionist aggression on Lebanon and its geopolitical effects in the Arab Levant

2025-10-22T17:00:44+02:00

This study focuses on analyzing Lebanon and its geostrategic importance, demonstrating how its natural and environmental assets enhance its political power. Lebanon's geopolitical location is a key factor that has given the country special significance in the context of the Arab-Israeli conflict, as it constitutes a link between East and West. The study aims to clarify this importance and highlight Lebanon's influence on the national scene. Additionally, it examines Israeli ambitions in Lebanese territory, which manifest in several forms, including cross-border expansion, exploitation of water resources, and the invasion of strategic safe zones in southern Lebanon. The research findings indicate that the Zionist aggression has not only affected Lebanon but has also contributed to reshaping geopolitical maps and deepening divisions within the Arab world. This requires a careful analysis of the strategies necessary to address these challenges, particularly during the multiple wars that have had a profound impact on the geopolitical situation in the Arab Levant. The history of these attacks dates back decades, with the most prominent being the 1982 and 2006 wars. To this day, the dividing borders suffer from numerous problems caused by the Zionist aggression against Lebanon.

Using Multimedia in Children's Theater Performances

2025-10-22T17:00:34+02:00

The current research addresses the use of multimedia in children's theater performances. It is divided into four sections. The first section addresses the research problem, its importance, and the need for it. The research problem was defined by the following question: "How to use multimedia in children's theater performances?" The research also aimed to identify how multimedia is used in children's theater performances, and the research boundaries, which were defined between 2011 and 2021. Finally, the research defined terminology.

The second section included two topics, the first addressed "multimedia," while the second addressed "children's theater."

The third section included the research procedures. The researcher adopted a descriptive (analytical) approach in his research methodology. The research community consisted of (35) theatrical performances, while the research sample consisted of one theatrical performance. The researcher constructed a tool specific to his research, and the third section concluded with an analysis of the research sample models. Section four included a set of findings and conclusions, the most important of which were:

1-Multimedia integrates all elements into a single program, uses video clips, and imposes a new style of artistic construction to enhance innovation.

2-The use of interactive screens and video clips has a significant ability to alter the characteristics of time and place, making the viewer feel as if they are in a different time and place than the one they are in.

The researcher then presented recommendations and suggestions and concluded the research with a list of sources.

Characteristics of the Setting in Children’s Theater Performances

2025-10-22T17:00:23+02:00

This paper is divided into four sections. The first section is dedicated to the methodological framework and includes the research problem: the characteristics of the setting in children’s theater performances. The significance of the research lies in its provision of an academic study whose results can benefit those working in the theatrical field in general, and in children’s theater specifically. The aim of the research is to reveal the characteristics of the setting in children’s theater performances.

The research boundaries are as follows:

Temporal boundaries: Theater performances presented during the period from 2014 to 2024.

Spatial boundaries: Children’s theater performances staged in Baghdad.

Thematic boundaries: The characteristics of the setting in children’s theater performances.

The first section concludes with definitions of key terms: “setting” and “children’s theater.”

The second section consists of two sections: the first focuses on theatrical space, and the second discusses children’s theater. The section concludes with indicators derived from the theoretical framework.

The third section presents the research methodology. The researcher adopted the descriptive-analytical method as the most suitable approach for achieving the research objective. The research population included seven samples, from which the research sample was randomly selected. The section also details the research tool and ends with an analysis of the sample.

The fourth section includes the research findings and conclusions. The study concludes with recommendations, and suggestions.

A Proposed Strategy Based on Constructivist Theory for Improving the Performance of Students in the Department of Islamic Education in Quranic Recitation

2025-10-22T17:00:10+02:00

The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a proposed strategy based on constructivist theory in improving the performance of students in the Department of Islamic Education in the subject of Quranic recitation (Tajweed). To achieve this objective, a proposed instructional strategy was adopted and applied to a sample of 48 male and female students, who were divided into two groups: an experimental group that was taught using the proposed strategy, and a control group that was taught using traditional methods. Upon completion of the experiment, a post-test was administered, and the data were analyzed using the t-test. The results revealed statistically significant differences in the post-test scores in favor of the experimental group, indicating the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in enhancing students’ performance in Quranic recitation.

The Effect of the Strategy of Hands and Minds on the Achievement of Fourth-Graders in the Literary Branch in the Subject of History and the Development of Their Complex Thinking

2025-10-22T16:59:58+02:00

This research aims to explore the impact of the Hands and Minds strategy on the achievement of fourth-grader in the literary branch in history and the development of their complex thinking. The researcher proposed the following null hypotheses:

There is no statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level between the average scores of the experimental group, who study history using the "Hands and Minds" strategy, and the control group, who study the subject traditionally, in the achievement test.
There is no statistically significant difference the 0.05 level between the average scores of the experimental and control groups in the post-test for complex thinking.
There is no statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level between the pre and post-test scores for the experimental group in the complex thinking test.

The researcher used an experimental design with pre-test and post-test for both experimental and control groups at Ibn Abbad Secondary School in Salah al-Din for the academic year 2023-2024. The sample consisted of 50 students. They were equally divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group studied history using the "Hands and Minds" strategy, while the control group used the traditional method. Both groups were matched in terms of age, parental education level, and pre-test scores.

The results favored the experimental group, and the researcher concluded that the "Hands and Minds" strategy enhances reasoning, innovation, and creativity. It also significantly improved students’ achievement compared to the traditional method, with positive student engagement during lessons.

The Effectiveness of Using Kagan's Structures Strategy in the Achievement of Fourth-grade Intermediate School students in the Subject of computer and Developing Their Evaluative Thinking

2025-10-22T16:59:48+02:00

The study aimed to study the effectiveness of using the Kagan structures strategy in the achievement of fourth-grade intermediate students in the subject of computer and developing their evaluative thinking. The study sample consisted of 84 fourth-grade intermediate students who were intentionally selected in a government school affiliated with the Department of Religious Education and Islamic Studies in northern Baghdad Governorate. The sample was randomly distributed into two groups: one experimental consisted of 41 students, who studied through the Kagan structures strategy, and the other is the control group consisting of 43 students who studied according to the traditional method. To achieve the study objectives, the experimental method was used, as the researcher prepared two tests for academic achievement and evaluative thinking skills. Their validity and stability were verified. The results showed that the students of the experimental group who studied using the Kagan structures strategy outperformed the students of the control group who studied according to the traditional method in the two tests of achievement and evaluative thinking skills. The study concluded with several recommendations, including the effectiveness of teaching using the Kagan structures strategy in teaching the computer subject because of its Positive impact on academic achievement and development of their evaluative thinking

The Effectiveness of a Logotherapy-Based Counseling Program in Developing Spiritual Intelligence among Female Adolescents in Social Welfare Homes in the Capital City of Sana'a

2025-10-22T16:59:38+02:00

The current study aims to explore the effectiveness of a counselling program based on logotherapy in fostering spiritual intelligence among female adolescents in social welfare homes. Additionally, the study seeks to verify the sustained effectiveness of this program in developing spiritual intelligence even after the experiment period has ended. The study was conducted on a sample of female adolescents residing in social welfare homes, with a total sample size of (60) participants. These participants were divided into an experimental group consisting of (30) adolescents and a control group comprising (30) adolescents from Al-Rahma Foundation for Human Development, located in the Capital City of Sana'a. The tools used in the study included the Spiritual Intelligence Scale developed by Amram and Dryer (2007), adapted into Arabic by Dryer and Al-Shawi (2012), and adjusted by the researcher to suit the Yemeni environment. The counselling program based on logotherapy was designed by the researcher herself. The results of the study demonstrated the effectiveness of the counselling logotherapy program in enhancing spiritual intelligence among female adolescents in social welfare homes. Furthermore, the program maintained its effectiveness even after the experiment period had ended.

Instinct and Its Role in Education and Reform from an Islamic Perspective

2025-10-22T16:59:28+02:00

This study aims to clarify the concept of fitrah (natural disposition) and its effective role in education and social reform from an Islamic perspective. A descriptive and analytical approach was used, which is appropriate for this study. The study's findings are divided into three themes. The first theme is the concept of fitrah (natural disposition). It suggests that fitrah has many meanings, including the religion of Islam, the human nature upon which humans are born before being exposed to any external influence, the covenant Allah made with the descendants of Adam (peace be upon him), the innate disposition predisposed to accepting religion, the Sunnah (Prophetic Tradition), and the conscious state by which one distinguishes between right and wrong. The second theme is the educational role of fitrah (natural disposition). It revealed that fitrah serves as the basic framework that determines human behavior, achieves servitude to Allah, develops individual responsibility in society, reinforces moral values and concepts, and contributes to creating a healthy social environment. Deviation from this can lead people to a dangerous downward slope. The third theme is the role of fitrah in social reform, protecting society from destructive ideas, building a righteous society that enjoys tranquility and justice, promoting a culture of dialogue, and reducing violence and crime. The study concluded with several recommendations, the most important of which are: focusing on developing plans, curricula, and programs by educational, religious, and media institutions to promote human nature; holding special seminars and sermons to introduce human nature and its educational role in universities and all community institutions, conducted by researchers, specialists, and religious figures; and for parents and educators to properly assume their role in raising their children and pay attention to their behavior.

Career Anxiety among Secondary School Teachers in Kirkuk Governorate from the Point of View of Educational Counselors

2025-10-22T16:59:17+02:00

The current study aims to identify career anxiety among teachers from the point of view of educational counselors. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher adopted the scale (Jaafar, 2019), consisting of 20 paragraphs, and the stability of the scale was extracted using the descriptive method. The researcher applied the tool to the study sample that was randomly selected, amounting to 100 male and female counselors during the academic year 2024-2025. Statistical methods were used to process the data statistically (t-test for one sample and two independent samples, and Pearson's correlation coefficient). After verifying validity and reliability, the most important results reached by the study are that educational counselors believe that both men and women suffer from career anxiety. From a point of view, where the calculated t-value 3.05 was greater than the tabulated 1.99 at the significance level 0.05, the results of statistical data processing showed a statistically significant difference between gender (males - females), and the average score for males reached 69.62 and the deviation degree 10.71 degrees, while the average score in the research sample for females reached 60.05 degrees with a standard deviation 9.02 degrees. Therefore, career anxiety exists, but there is no significant difference according to gender. In the light of the research results, a set of recommendations and proposals were formulated in the current study by conducting more studies on anxiety because it results from several reasons, the most important of which are cultural, mental and psychological reasons, etc., which calls for identifying them and developing solutions.

The impact of the advanced organizations strategy on the achievement of fourth-grade middle school students in Islamic education

2025-10-22T16:59:06+02:00

The current research seeks to know the effect of using the advanced organizations strategy on the achievement of fourth-grade middle school students in Islamic education.

The researcher used the experimental method for his study with equivalent groups, an experimental group and a second control group, where two schools from the schools of Al-Alam district were chosen intentionally, namely (Ibn Al-Atheer School) to represent the experimental group, which studied using the advanced organizations strategy, which included (29) students, and the second (Al-Saqr School) to represent the control group, which studied using the traditional method, which included (30) students, where the total research sample was (59) students.

The researcher conducted the equivalence process between the two groups in the following variables: the grade of the Islamic education subject in the fourth grade of middle school for the academic year 2023-2024 and the general average of the grades of fourth-grade middle school students for all subjects, and the chronological age of the study calculated in months, and daily teaching plans were also prepared to teach the two groups, which numbered (9) plans for each group, then presented to a group of experts and arbitrators for evaluation.

Then the researcher prepared an achievement test of (20) paragraphs, including essay paragraphs and objective paragraphs. To ensure the validity of the test, the researcher presented it to a committee of arbitrators to explain and express an opinion on the validity of its paragraphs. For the stability of the test, it was calculated using the retest method and the (alpha-Cronbach) equation, where the stability coefficient reached (0.87) (0.79), which is considered high stability for this type of test. The researcher continued this experiment for a period of (8) weeks, during which he used the t-test for two independent samples, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and the (alpha-Cronbach) equation.

The following results appeared after statistically processing the data: There were statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between the average achievement scores of the students of the first experimental group, which studied using the advanced organizations strategy method, and the average achievement scores of the students of the control group, which studied using the usual method, in favor of the average of the first experimental group. The

The Theoretical Approach of Language Socialization and Its Impact on Students' Competence

2025-10-22T16:58:56+02:00

The current study aims to explore the theoretical approach of language socialization and its impact on students' competence, focusing on their ability to navigate diverse social and cultural contexts. The sample of this study includes ten EFL Preparatory school, for boys and for girls, in which they are forty students from the fourth grade in the selected schools during the academic year 2023-2024 in the city of Kirkuk.

A questionnaire has been conducted and applied to the selected sample. The required data are collected and analyzed statistically. The study reach to results such as theoretical approach of language socialization plays a significant role in shaping students' competence. It also indicate that EFL students who engage in perspective-taking, respect cultural diversity, and participate in activities promoting equality and environmental protection demonstrate higher levels of social and intercultural competence

Vocabulary Knowledge, Cognitive Linguistic Skills, and Their Relation with Speaking Proficiency of EFL University Students

2025-10-22T16:58:46+02:00

Vocabulary knowledge and cognitive linguistic abilities are pivotal elements of oral communicative competence in English as a Foreign Language (Henceforth, EFL) setting. This correlational study aims to examine the interrelationship between vocabulary knowledge assessed through both breadth (the extent of vocabulary size) and depth (the richness and quality of word knowledge)-and cognitive linguistic skills, including working memory, attention control, and metacognitive awareness, in relation to speaking proficiency among Iraqi EFL learners. The study sample consists of 180 second -year undergraduate students from the College of Education for Humanities at the University of Tikrit during the academic year (2024–2025). Stratified random sampling is employed to ensure gender representation in the sample. A comprehensive set of instruments is utilized to measure the target constructs: a vocabulary test (evaluating both breadth and depth), a cognitive skills questionnaire, and a structured speaking interview based on an IELTS-inspired rubric that assessed fluency, accuracy, lexical diversity, and coherence. The findings reveals that vocabulary depth was a significant predictor of speaking proficiency (r = 0.72, p < 0.01), highlighting the critical role of collocations, word associations, and semantic richness in facilitating oral fluency. Vocabulary breadth was moderately correlated with speaking proficiency (r = 0.54, p < 0.01), indicating its complementary influence on oral expression. Among the cognitive variables, working memory (r = 0.65, p < 0.01) and attention control (r = 0.58, p < 0.01) demonstrated significant correlations with speaking performance, suggesting that cognitive processing efficiency is essential for real-time language production.

Empowering English Learners: Implementing Effective Formative Assessment Strategies in Education

2025-10-22T16:58:35+02:00

This paper discusses how effectively implementing formative assessment strategies empowers English learners in their studies. The study looks into various assessment tools to be tried on respondents, including Kahoot, group discussion, and an online assessment tool. There were 10 EFL instructors and 50 students from two different universities in Erbil, Iraq who participated in the study. Student responses appear to indicate that the implementation of formative assessments is positively related to enhanced learning gains. The interviews with the instructors described various forms of formative assessment applied in an English language classroom currently. Whereas there are areas where shortcomings exist such as lack of time and alignment between assessments and curriculum standards, challenges are presented by formative assessments. In light of this, therefore, educators shall be provided with resources in incorporating the use of formative assessments into their teaching. Formative assessment proves to be efficient in enhancing confidence among learners enabling learners to make sense of main ideas or concepts and academically better performances among students, as has been shown in this paper. Yet, the reluctance of student participation still prevails. This research adopted mixed-methods approaches by way of interviews and questionnaires in the collection of data and test attitudes toward formative assessment. It would seem that one of the positive impacts brought about by formative assessment is student engagement and academic achievement in learning the English language.