Jassem, Eyad Nathim. “The British Role in Ending the Ottoman Caliphate 1840 - 1906”. Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities 27, no. 5 (July 23, 2020): 161–176. Accessed July 15, 2026. https://jtuh.org/index.php/jtuh/article/view/1097.