The role of scholars in resolving political disputes in the second Abbasid era Faculty of Literature
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scholars were in multiple fields, and many methods were taken by them as an attempt to control the situation and not disperse and restore unity to the Ummah to stand before its enemy in one row, and they were aware of the importance of that matter. It destroys the nation’s capabilities, and spreads an atmosphere of terror and instability, and becomes a destructive tool that undermines the nation’s structure. The disagreements - unfortunately - plagued the Muslims during the devastating Mongolian invasion, and clearly for every student of this period.
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References
( 1) See, for example: Ali, The Return of Bilad al-Sham Prior to the Mongol Invasion, pp. 147-173, where the author presented the differences between the Ipopans in detail
(2) Surah Al-Anfal, verse 46.
( 3) See: Ibn Katheer, Interpretation of the Noble Qur’an, Part 3, pg. 330.
( 4) Sayyid Qutb, In the Shadows of the Qur’an, vol. 3, pg. 1528.
(5 ) Surat Al-Saff, verse 4
(6 ) Shihab al-Din: He is Shihab al-Din bin Muhammad al-Bakri al-Baghdadi al-Sufi, who died in the year 630 AH. See his translation in the following sources: Ibn al-Sa’i, al-Jami’ al-Mukhtasar fi Entan al-Tawarikh wa Uyun al-Sirah, part 9, p. 45, al-Subki, the previous source, part 8, p. Al-Safadi, Al-Wafi Bal-Wafiyat, Vol. 2, pg. 276; Ibn Katheer, The Beginning and the End, vol. 13, p. 149; Ibn Al-Wardi, the previous source, pp. 232-234, and for more information, see Ahmed Badawi, Mental Life in the Age of the Crusades, p. 289.
(7) Al-Dhahabi, Lessons are better than lessons, vol. 3, p. 160; Abu Shamah, Biographies of Men of the Sixth and Seventh Centuries, p. 101.
(8) Al-Dhahabi, the same source, vol. 3, p. 160; Abu Shama, the same source, p. 101.
(9) See the translation of Ibn Rajab, the tail of the layers of the Hanbali, vol. 2, pg. 257-261.
(10) Khalat: a well-known, populous town with ample resources. It is an Armenian center, see Yaqout, Mu'jam al-Buldan, vol. 2, pg. 280.
(11) See Sibt Ibn al-Jawzi, Woman of Time, vol. 8, pg. 670.
( 12) The same source, part 8, p. 670.
( 13) And the Ayyubid king, Isa ibn al-Adil, was a virtuous jurist, born in 576, died in 624 AH. See the translation of the following sources: Ibn al-Jawzi, the previous source, vol. 8, p. 644; Al-Dhahabi, Countries of Islam, Vol. 2, pg. 99, History of Islam, al-Tabqa, Vol. 6, p. Al-Abr, vol. 3, p. 194; Al-Quraishi, Jawaher Al-Mudia’, vol. 2, p. 682; Ibn Al-Ameed, Akhbar Al-Ayyubid, pg. 15.
(14) Al-Dhahabi, History of Islam, Tabqa, p. 63, p. 13.
(15 ) He is Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Ahmed Al-Khalifa Al-Abbasi, nicknamed Al-Mustansir, who pledged allegiance to the caliphate on the day of the death of his
father, Al-Zahir in the year 623 AH, and he died in the year 639 AH. See Ibn Duqmaq, Al-Jawhar Al-Thamin, p. Al-Dhahabi, Countries of Islam, vol. 2, p. 110; Al-Qarmani, Akhbar Al-Dawla, p. 180; Al-Suyuti, History of the Caliphs, pg. 424
(16 ) Erbil: a fortified castle and a large city in a wide and simple district of the land, and its castle has a great trench, and it is on a high hill, and it is considered one of the works of Mosul, and between them is a two-day walk. Abi Al-Fadael, Al-Tarikh Al-Mansoori, pg. 242, and the owner of Mosul and Arbel is Badr Al-Din Lu’lu’.
(17) Al-Malik al-Kamil: He is Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Adil al-Ayyubi, who ruled in the year 615 AH. He died in the year 635. See: Ibn Khalkan; Notable deaths, vol. 5, pg. 79; Al-Safadi, the previous source, Part 1, pg. 193, Al-Yafei, the previous source, Part 4, pg. 9092; Al-Dhahabi, Countries of Islam, part 2, p. 105; Al-Qarmani, the previous source, p. 195; Al-Malti, Nuzhat Al-Asateer, pp. 59-85; Ibn Al-Ameed, the previous source, pg. 22.
(18 ) See Abi Al-Fadael, the previous source, p. 242
(19) Al-Qalqashandi, The Impact of Elegance in the Milestones of the Caliphate, Vol. 2, pg. 79.
(20 ) Ali Odeh, previous reference, p. 126
(21) Al-Qalqashandi, the previous source, part 2, p. 79.
(22) Al-Qalqashandi, the previous source, part 2, p. 80
(23) See Ibn Wasil, Mufarrej Al-Karub, vol. 5, pg. 216
( 24) Bin Wasel, the previous source, vol. 5, pg. 216
And al-Salih Najm al-Din is Ayoub bin Muhammad bin Abi Bakr. He became ruler in the year 639 AH and died in the year 647 AH. See Ibn Tafardi Bardi, al-Manhal al-Safi, part 3, p. 227, al-Malti, Nuzhat al-Asateer, p.
(25 ) He is Abdullah bin Youssef Muhyiddin from a family famous for knowledge. He died upon the arrival of the Tatars in Baghdad, as will be mentioned meaning, and he was Muhtasib over Baghdad. He was described as one of the noble men, eloquent, a lot of recitation. See his translation at Al-Dhahabi, Siyar A’lam al-Nubala’, vol. 23 / p. 374
(26) Bin Wasel, the previous source, part 3, p. 219.
(27) Al-Maqrizi, behavior, part 1, p. 290.
(28) Ibn Wasel, the previous source, vol. 5, p. 246.
(29) See Al-Maqrizi, the previous source, vol. 1, p. 292; Ibn Wasel, the same source, vol. 5, pg. 248.
(30) Ibn Wasel, the previous source, vol. 5, pg. 265.
(31) Ibn Al-Adim, Butter of Aleppo, vol. 3, p. 233; Ibn Tafri Bardi, Al-Nadum Al-Zahira, p. 209; Al-Yunini, The Tail of the Woman of Time, vol. 1, pg. 510, and Ibn al-Adim: He is Kamal al-Din Abu al-Qasim Omar bin Ahmed bin Hibat Allah al-Aqili al-Halabi, known as Ibn al-Adim. He was born in Aleppo in the year 586 AH. He heard religion and narrated a lot in many countries. One of the well-known presidents, scholars, and those mentioned, among leadership and knowledge, and he died in the year 660 AH. In his translation: Yaqut al-Hamawi, Lexicon of Literature, vol. 4, p. 433; Ibn Tafri Bardi, The Healing Guide to the Pure Well, Part 1, pg. 495; Ibn Qutluqan, Taj al-Tarajim, p. 84; Al-Kanawi, Al-Fawa'id Al-Bahiya fi Trajum Al-Hanafi, p. 147; Al-Tabbah, Flags of the Nobles and the History of Aleppo Al-Shahba, Part 4, Pg. 444.
(32) Biographies of men of the sixth and seventh centuries, 155.
(33 ) Al-Dula’i: He is Jamal al-Din Muhammad ibn Abi al-Fadl, the preacher of Damascus, and he continued in this position with teaching until he died in the year 635 AH. See his translation by Abu Shamah, the previous source, p. 166; Al-Dhahabi, Al-Seer, vol. 3, p. 24; Ibn Qadi Shahba, the previous source, vol. 2, p. 111; Ibn Shaker Al-Ketbi, Al-Wafiyat, vol. 7, p. 201.
(34 ) Shams al-Din al-Khoei: He is Ahmad bin Khalil bin Saada al-Shafi’i, a judge of judges in the Levant. He was born in the year 583 AH in Najwa from Azerbaijan and died in the year 637 AH in the Levant. His education was a struggling imam, a master of demand and wisdom, religious, a lot of prayer and fasting, of high motivation, memorizing the Qur’an at an old age. See the translation of: Sibt ibn al-Lawzi, the previous source, pg. 730; Ibn Khalkan, the previous source, vol. 4, pg. 258; Al-Subaks, the previous source, vol. 16, Ibn Qadi Shahba, the previous source, vol. 2, pp. 87-89; Ibn Abi Osaiba, the previous source, part 2, p. 171
( 35) Shams al-Din al-Shirazi: He is Muhammad ibn Hibatullah al-Shirazi, then al-Dimashqi al-Shafi’i, born in the year 549 AH and died in the year 635 AH. , the previous source, vol. 8, p. 709; Al-Dhahabi, Biographies of Allams, Part 3, pg. 31.
(36) Jamal Al-Din Al-Husiri: He is Mahmoud bin Ahmed bin Abdul-Sayed Al-Bukhari. He was a lot of charity and shed tears. He was born in the year 546 AH and died in the year 636 AH. See his translation: Ibn Khalkan, the previous source, vol. 4, p. 258; Al-Qurashi, the previous source, part 2, p. 315; Ibn Qutlu Buqa, the previous source, pg. 96; Al-Laknawi, the previous source, pg. 205.
(37 ) Al-Dhahabi, History of Islam, Layer 63, pp. 28-29
(38 ) Iqbal al-Sharabi: Jamal al-Dawla Sharaf al-Din Abu al-Fadael al-Habashi al-Mustansir al-Sharabi, he was the leader of the horses of Iraq, in him is religion and reverence, and he has the virtues of existence. He defeated the Tatars in the year 634 AH, died in 653 AH, see al-Dhahabi, al-Sir, vol. 23, p. pp. 28-29
(39) Ibn Al-Ghouti, previous source, pp. 86-87.
(40) See Shabat Ibn al-Jawzi, previous source, vol. 8, p. 770; Ibn Katheer, The Beginning and the End, vol. 13, p. 186; Al-Maqrizi, Al-Mathdar Al-Sabiqah, Part 1, p. 231; Al-Tabbakh, previous reference, vol. 2, p. 218; Al-Sufi, History of Islamic Countries, Part 2, p. 251.
) Al-Badra’i: Najm al-Din Abdullah bin Muhammad bin al-Hassan, born in 594 AH and died in 655 AH, happened in Aleppo, Damascus, Baghdad, Egypt, and the ruler of the judiciary in Baghdad despite his hatred. Abundant Service, see: Al-Yafa’i, Jami’ Al-Tawarikh, vol. 138 b, Al-Subki, the previous source, part 2, p. Ibn al-Imad, the previous source, vol. 5, pg. 269.
( 42) preceded its translation
( 43) See Sibt Ibn al-Jawzi, previous source, vol. 8, p. 770; Ibn Kathir, the previous source, vol. 13, p. 186; Al-Maqrizi, the previous source, part 1, p. 231.
(44) Ibn Beyk Al-Dawadardi, Treasure of Pearls, Vol. 8, pg. 22.
( 45) See Ibn Lafouti, the previous source, p. 155; Sibt Ibn al-Jawzi, previous source, vol. 8, pg. 789; Ibn Tafri Bardi, the previous source, vol. 7, p. 10; Al-Maqrizi, the previous source, vol. 1, vol. 2, p. 285; Ibn Katheer, the previous source, vol. 13, p. 196, and Ibn al-Ameed deviated, stating that the reconciliation took place in 649 AH. See Ibn al-Ameed, the previous source, p. 42, as well as Baybars al-Mansouri, where he mentioned that the reconciliation took place in 648 AH. See Baybars al-Mansoori, The Royal Masterpiece, p. 31.
(46 ) See Ibn Shakir al-Kaabi, previous source, vol. 20, p. 66; Al-Aini, the previous source, Part 1, pp. 69-70; Al-Dhahabi, Countries of Islam, Part 2, 119.
(47) Ibn Kathir, the previous source, vol. 13, p. 196; Al-Aini, the same source, Part 1, pp. 80-81; Ibn Aibak, the previous source, p. 22.
( 48) See Ibn Katheer, the same source, vol. 13, p. 196; Al-Aini, the same source, Part 1, pp. 80-81.
(49) Al-Maqrizi, the previous source, Part 1, Section 2, pg. 298.
(50) Bir al-Qadi: one of the mail centers between Egypt and Gaza, see al-Qalqashandi, Subh al-Asha, vol. 7, pg. 378.
(51) Al-Maqrizi, the previous source, vol. 1, vol. 2, p. 398; Al-Aini, the previous source, part 1, p. 122; Al-Tikriti, The Ayyubids in the North of the Levant and the Jazira, pg. 314.
(52) The Uniates, the previous source, Part 1, p. 12.
(53) Al-Maqrizi, the previous source, Part 1, Section 2, p. 398. And Badr al-Din al-Sinjari repeatedly practiced the judiciary in Egypt, and he died in Cairo in the year 663, and he was a generous horse. Ibn al-Ghuti, the previous source, pg. 155; Al-Maqrizi, Al-Muqaffa Al-Kabeer, Part 4, p. 113.
( 54) Ibn Al-Fouti, the previous source, p. 155; Al-Maqrizi, Al-Muqaffa Al-Kabeer, Part 4, p. 113.