Egyptian women between the institution of Al-Azhar and the secular trend
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Abstract
The Egyptian woman is considered one of Al-Azhar’s priorities and she has a great attention since she was subjected to the so-called ‘customs and traditions’ in the ancient times. However, with the coming of Muhammad Ali as governor of Egypt, the change has begun to occur in the Egyptian society, including Al-Azhar Foundation, through the scholarships he sent to Europe, which have contributed significantly in changing the prevailing ideas and traditions at that time. The gratitude returns to the Azhari students who supported the Egyptian women's liberation movement, led by Rifa'aRafe' al-Tahtawi, the founder of modern thought and cultural renaissance, who was taught by Muhammad ‘Abduh and Qasim Amin. However, Al-Azhar scholars have agreed on the necessity of conducting the Egyptian women according to the changes that the political and cultural arena witnessed. After the formation of political parties in Egypt, women have joined them in order to obtain their rights. Doria Shafik has established the “Daughter of the Nile Union” in 1951, who publicly confronted the government to defend women’s legitimate rights to elect, nominate, and vote. However, this matter did not satisfy some of Al-Azhar’s sheikhs, and the first one was Sheikh Hassanein Makhlouf, who has demanded that King Farouk to cancel women’s associations because they were the result of an imperialist plan aimed at destroying society. The Egyptian woman did not submit to the fatwa issued by the Al-Azhar institution which refused her legitimate rights. Her demands for equality with men continued, and this was achieved in the 1956 constitution, which guaranteed her political rights.
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