PHONOLOGICAL ASPECTS IN ENGLISH AND ARABIC

The present study deals with four phonological aspects which are part of communication through language. These aspects are found in English and Arabic, which are : assimilation, intonation, stress and elision . The aim of this study is to explain each aspect in both languages and make a comparison . This study presents definitions, explanation and examples to clarify the phenomenon. The two languages share some points, but there is no absolute similarity. These aspects are common in the recitation of the Glorious Quran. There are similarities and differences between the two languages.In English, there are three types of assimilation: regressive, progressive and coalescent. In the recitation of the Glorious Quran, there is assimilation with ghunnah( nasal twang) and without ghunnah ( nasal twang). In the recitation of the Glorious Quran , the assimilation is like the regressive English assimilation, the final consonant changes and be like the initial neighbouring sound. In the two languages, the definition of intonation means the rise and fall of a tone. It expresses a meaning and changes according to the type of a sentence. Stress means the amount of power through pronunciation the sound. English language includes special rules for stress. In Arabic , stress means the amount of power on the syllable of each utterance. The type of stress is affected by the number and kind of syllables in the word . Elision means the omission of a sound. The two languages may omit a consonant or vowel in a word to make the pronunciation easier . © 2018 JTUH, College of Education for Human Sciences, Tikrit University DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jtuh.26.3.2019.23 ن تيبرعلاو تيسيلكنلإا تغللا يف تيتوص يحاو د.م.ا فــيطلا نــوحرلاذبع داــعس / تيبرتلا ةرازو / نيذلا حلاص يف تيبرتلل تهاعلا تيريذولا / تيركت تيبرت نسق تصلاخلا ؽنيتغملا يف دجؾت بناؾجلا هذىو .ةغملا ربع لصاؾتلا ؽم ءزج يى يتلاو , ةيتؾصلا بناؾجلا ؽم عبرا ةسا ردلا هذى لوانتت ليي عو ةييم م و ريي ؼ ديي ت ييلا ةيي لارلا ةييسا ردلا ديي ت . ذييرلاو رييبنلاو ؼييي نتلاو ماييتلكا ايي نن ؽييمو . ةيي زنمينكاو ةيي برعلا تيبرعلاو تيسيلكنلإا تغللا يف تيتوص يحاون تيركت تيبرت نسق/ نيذلا حلاص يف تيبرتلل تهاعلا تيريذولا/تيبرتلا ةرازو /فــيطلا نــوحرلاذبع داــعس د.م.ا 2 ةي برعلا ةيغملا ييف بيناج لي ل ةينرا م ةييبرعلا ةيغملا ا رتي ا ةيغغيم ؽير يلايرلا ميرللا ااعيتيسا لييا ؽيمو . ةي زنمينكاو ع اي ميرللا اذيى ييف ةيمد لا ةيتؾيصلا يغاؾينلا نا .ؽنيتغملا ؽني مايت وباشت انى سيل ؽيل ,ةننع لا طا نلا ضعل ة زنمينكو . ؼ ريلا نا ر لا ةويت يف ا يس لاو اي يبظت ؼ ري لا نا ري لا ةوييت ييف ا نن .جمدن لاو يمد تلاو يعجا رتلا ماتلكا ؾىو ماتلكا ؽم عاؾن ثيث انى ة زنمينكا ةغملا يفف , ةي زنمينكا ةيغملا ييف ييعجا رتلا مايتلغل ةي ايشم ؼ ري لا نا ر لا ةويت يف ماتلكا قنبظت ةدعاق. ةنت رنغبو ةنغب ماتلا انى ؾييصلا نا ميينغ ةيي ميمل ةرواييج لا ةيي نا لا ةيي ميلا وييب دييبت يييتلا ايرييصلا ؾييصلا ليي م الييص و ريينغتو ةيي ميلا ريياا ايرييصلا . لولأا يفترا ؾيى ؼيي نتلاو , ؼيي نتلا يي ف ةي نا لا ةيتؾيصلا ةديعا ل اما ريبع قنقديلا ويمؾيفم ييف ويناو . ؾيصلا ةي غن ييف ايفخناو عا ؾيصلا رايعإو زور ينع و ,)دودشتلا( ربنلا ا لاث .ةيلاؤس وا ة ربا تناك اذا ا يف , ةم جلا عؾنل ا فو رنغت و , نعم ؽع ا سيفن لي ؾيى ةي زنمينلأاو ةي برعلا ةيغملا ييف ريبنلا ي رعتو .وب قظنلاو ويمع دودشتلا ؼت يذلا ةي برعلا ةيغملا ييف ؽي ل , ينع ل .ة ميلا يف لؾجؾ لا عظ لا عؾنو لدعب دودشتلا رثأتو ةي ميلا ؽم ايرصلا ؾصلاب وا ةمعلا ؾصب قظنلا ذغ وا ءاغلا ينع ذرلاو , ذرلا يى ةعبا رلا ةيجؾلؾنؾفلا ةدعا لا . ةلؾيس ر كا مييلا لعجل 1(English Phonological Rules) : Crystal (1997: 164-165) points out that phonological rules differ from one language to another, some features may be added or deleted by application of these rules. These rules can change the position of whole phonemes and change the value of individual features. Phonological rules are part of communication . Their existence enables us understanding the spoken or written language. They play an important role in teaching English and solve the problems of People. Phonological rules are spoken or written , they can control the change of sounds during vocal communication. (Ibid: 287) Phonological rules Study the relation of sounds to each other in different contexts , and to the grammar and lexicon of a language. (Robins, 2000: 161). 2-Assimilation: Assimilation is a process whereby one sound causes an adjacent to be more similar sound to itself. Assimilation in English ALHamash (1983:61-68) states that assimilation is the effect of a sound that occurs next تيبرعلاو تيسيلكنلإا تغللا يف تيتوص يحاون تيركت تيبرت نسق/ نيذلا حلاص يف تيبرتلل تهاعلا تيريذولا/تيبرتلا ةرازو /فــيطلا نــوحرلاذبع داــعس د.م.ا 3 to another different sound .In order to make the pronunciation easier , the two sounds are changed and become more similar and even one sound .There are three types of assimilation: progressive , regressive and merging .Progressive assimilation means the effect of final phoneme that changes the phoneme that comes after it. For example, in the / in ðƏ / is pronounced / in nə /, while in regressive assimilation, the initial phoneme changes the phoneme and becomes as one similar sound. For example, Horse shoe / ho: s/ + / ∫u։ / is pronounced as /hօ։∫ ∫ u։ /. (1) The fusion of two sounds (usually consonants) into sound is called merging or coalescence assimilation. For example , the expression ʻaren't youʾ is pronounced /a:nt ∫u:/ . (2) Mc Mahon(2002:4) says that assimilation is a familiar phenomenon which occurs in every day human language. It is the undergoing of a phoneme to various phonological processes , and it is common for nasal sounds. Forel &Puskaʾns (2005: 50) state that one of the types of assimilation is the progressive. It is called so because the features of a phoneme are changed by the immediately preceded phoneme. Crystal (2008: 50) defines assimilation as the influence of one sound segment upon the sound that becomes phonetically like or identical to an adjacent sound. Roach (2009: 110-112) states that the pronunciation of a phoneme may be changed under the influence of neighbouring sounds. Assimilation may vary in extent according to style and speaking rate. This phenomenon can be noticed and found in casual rapid and less in slow , careful speech. The realization of a phoneme can be considered as a result of belonging to a neighbouring word . There are three types of assimilation: regressive assimilation ,which can be described as the change of final phoneme that is affected by the initial phoneme . The final consonant (Cf) becomes like the initial consonant (Ci) . For example , 3meat pie →/mi:p paI/. The second type is progressive assimilation, it is the change of pronunciation of initial consonant . So , the (Ci) becomes like the (Cf) . Coalescent assimilation : means two adjacent sounds combine to form a new sound, a final (t, d) plus an initial ( j) is pronounced (ʤ or ʧ ). For example, 4-not yet’ → /noʧ et/ 5-could you’ →/kuʤu/. 3Assimilation in Arabic AL-Hammad (2009 : 310) claims that there are two types of assimilation : the first is تيبرعلاو تيسيلكنلإا تغللا يف تيتوص يحاون تيركت تيبرت نسق/ نيذلا حلاص يف تيبرتلل تهاعلا تيريذولا/تيبرتلا ةرازو /فــيطلا نــوحرلاذبع داــعس د.م.ا 4 assimilation with (ghunnah ) {nasal twang} which has four sounds ( ؾ نو) . The sounds are the yaa, noon, meem and waw. If any of these four sounds occurs after the consonant noon or nunnation (Tanween) . It occurs in two words. For example, (6) ٱ ُّٱٹٱٹ صح صخ صم ضج ضح ضخ ضم طح ظم عج عم غج غم فج فح فخ فم قح قم كج كح َّ : ةر للا ( 32 ) And if you ( Arab pagans, Jews, and Christians)are in doubt concerning that which We have sent down ( i.e. the Qur'an) to Our slave (Muhammad ؼميسو وي مع ميص), then bring a Surah (chapter) of the like thereof and call your witness ( supporters and helpers ) besides Allah, if you are truthful. (AlHilali & Khan, 1983: 6). The second is assimilation without ghunna {nasal twang} which has two sounds. The sounds are /r /and /l/. If any of them occurs after a consonant noon or nunnation on condition that this occurs in two words too. For example, (7) ٱ ُّٱٹٱٹ ئم ئن ئى ئي بر بزبم بن بى بي تر تز تم تن تى تي ثر َّ ٱٱٱٱٱٱ ( ءاسنلا : 04 ) ٱ Surely ! Allah wrongs not even of the weight of an atom ( or a small ant ), but if there is any good (done), He doubles it, and gives from Him a great reward. (Al-Hilali & Khan, 1983: 113-114). وندمّم is pronounced ← وندل ؽم AL-Baghdadi ( 1987: 416-417) defines assimilation as inserting a consonant sound into a vowel sound to become one doubled (mushaddad) sound .Assimilation must involve two words. As in example ,(7) Shukri et al ( 2013:95) says that assimilation is placing one thing into another or it is the inserting of consonant sound into a vowel sound, with the rise of the tongue . The laam of al ( لا) is the laam of definite article , prefixed to nouns ; they are added to the structure of the word whether the word can stand without the aliflaam e.g.,(8) ( ةيملأا ( . Or it cannot as in e.g., (9) (ؽوذيلا) then the addition of al( لا) the word cannot stand without the alif laam. The moon(qamariyyah)( manifest) laam is related to fourteen sounds grouped in the phrase of ( و يقع فاو ػجغ غبا ) (10) . The sun laam (laam shamsiyyah) especially occurs with fourteen sounds .They are grouped in the initial letters of the words of this line of verse: (11) ( ) رز ؽع ءؾس عل ؼعن اذ فض مريمل اف ر زفت ا غر لص ؼث بط تيبرعلاو تيسيلكنلإا تغللا يف تيتوص يحاون تيركت تيبرت نسق/ نيذلا حلاص يف تيبرتلل تهاعلا تيريذولا/تيبرتلا ةرازو /فــيطلا نــوحرلاذبع داــعس د.م.ا 5 ( Al-Hamid, 1985: 12-13 and Al-Taweel, 2000: 51) (1: ر ؾيتلا) ٱ ُّٱٹٱٹ مى مي نج نح َّ ( When the sun shall be wound round and its light is lost and is overthrow). (AlHilali & Khan ,1983:821). In Arabic ,the sounds are categorized into two classifications: solar and lunar. In Arabic, sun sounds are coronal consonants so that they totally assimilated with / l/ of the definite article. For example, the word starts with solar (sun ) sound and it is preceded by definite article AL-/əl/ . The sound / l/ is totally assimilated and the letter after it is geminated. For example, (12) (1 :ؽنتلا ( ٱ ُّٱٹٱٹ ذٰ رٰ ىٰ َّ (By the fig, and the olive) (Al-Hilali and Khan,1983: 845). While, lunar(moon )letters are noncoronals and the letter /l/ is not assimilated but pronounced properly. (Dawood and Atawnech ,2015:13( For example, (13) (3 ؽنتلا( : ٱ ُّٱٹٱٹ ُّ ِّ ّٰ ئر َّ ( By this city of security (Makkah) 4Stress It is a relatively emphasis or prominence given to a certain syllable in a word, or to a certain word in a phrase or sentence. Stress in English AL-Hamash (1983:87) says that stress is the loudness of a syllable in a word that is different from other syllables, or the loudness of a word in a sentence as contrasted with the other words in the same sentence. There is word stress in which stress is on syllables of a word. While stress on the words of a sentence is called sentence stress. English word stress is highly irregular unlike Arabic stress. For this reason, it is necessary for the foreign learners to study the placement of English stress in a word . Crystal (2008: 454) claims that stress is the degree of energy of uttering a phoneme or a syllable. The stressed syllable is more prominent than unstressed syllable; and this feature is due to an increase of loudness. The increase of length and pitch are due to overall impression of prominence. Stress provides means of recognition degree of contrast or emphasis in sentences (sentence stress). For example , (14).The ˈbig man looks angry. تيبرعلاو تيسيلكنلإا تغللا يف تيتوص يحاون تيركت تيبرت نسق/ نيذلا حلاص يف تيبرتلل تهاعلا تيريذولا/تيبرتلا ةرازو /فــيطلا نــوحرلاذبع داــعس د.م.ا 6 Roach (2009: 73-74) states that stress is an extra force used for the pronunciation of a definite word or syllable. The stressed syllable uses more muscular energy than the unstressed syllable .It is louder and longer than unstressed syllable . These features are the components of prominence. In a following word ,if one of the following sounds is changed /ba: bi: ba:ba:/ the odd syllable is (bi:) will be stress syllable. It is noticeable that, if a syllable is uttered with a different pitch from the others, so this syllable will have tendency to produce the effect of prominence. For example , if the syllable is uttered with the same pitch, such as low and one syllable is uttered with high pitch. So, the high pitch will be stressed and other syllables are unstressed. Roach (2009:75-77) states that there are three types of stress: primary stress is the strongest type of stress. It is given to one syllable in a spoken word. Secondary stress is given a degree of force weaker than the primary stress. Unstressed syllable refers to disappearance of force or prominence. If a word includes a single syllable ,it is pronounced in isolation with primary stress. While, if it includes two syllables and the second syllable includes a long vowel ,diphthong or it ends with more than one consonant ,the second syllable is stressed ,e.g., (15) → arrive / əˈraIv/ (attract ) /ə ˈtrᴂkt/ . The type of the sound indicates the place of stress. For example, if a word contains three syllables , the stress is on the long vowel, diphthong or more than one consonant sound. For Example, (16) potato→ /p ə ˈteItəu/ , entertain →/ ˌentə ˈ teIn/. While unstressed syllable is the short vowel or one consonant. The stress should be placed on the middle syllable or penultimate, e.g., (17) encounter / Iŋˈkauntə /. Ladefoged (2011: 249) defines stress as a supra segmental feature of utterance and it is a property of English words. Stress is applied to whole syllables not to individual vowels and consonants. The distinctive features of stress are: It is more prominent than unstressed syllable.It is more prominent in the flow of speech.-Stress is only a factor in causing rhythmic differences. 5Stress in Arabic AL-AAni (1983: 134) states that in Arabic, stress is the amount of power that is distributed over the syllables of each utterance. The production of the syllables of an utterance is different. These syllables are not produced with the same degree of loudness. تيبرعلاو تيسيلكنلإا تغللا يف تيتوص يحاون تيركت تيبرت نسق/ نيذلا حلاص يف تيبرتلل تهاعلا تيريذولا/تيبرتلا ةرازو /فــيطلا نــوحرلاذبع داــعس د.م.ا 7 Arabic stress is predictable on the lexical level, therefore it is not phonemic. There are three levels of stress: primary marked by[ ⁄ ], secondary stress marked by [ \] and weak stress unmarked. Every word has an inherently –stressable syllable , potentially .This syllable has primary stress. The placement and distribution of this stress is affected by the number and kinds of syllables in the word's syllable sequence. The primary stress may happen when the word is monosyllable and in isolation . There are rules for the stress of Arabic words as follows: -when a word consists of a string of syllables, the first syllable receives the primary stress, while the remaining syllables receive weak stress. For example, (18) )سَرَلَ ) (he studied).CˈV CV CV. -When a word contains only one long syllable, this long syllable will receive the primary stress. The other syllables receive weak stress. For example, (19) ( بيتاك ) (kˈaatib) (writer) CVV CVC. (20)  ُو مِعمُ / mˈuԑallimahu/ (his teacher) CV CˈV CV C V CV. -when a word contains two long syllables or more , the long syllable nearest to the end of the word ( not the last syllable ) will have the primary stress .The one which is closest to the beginning has secondary stress. For example, (21 ))ؽّيُيسَي رَ) /ra?iisahunna/ (their chief, female plural) CV Cˎ VV CV CˋVC CV.(22) )ؼيُتُاعلَؾتَيسمُ) /mustˎawda ع ˋ aatuhum/ CVC Cˎ VC CV CˋVV CV CVC (their deposits, male plural). The word stress in both Modern standard Arabic (MSA) and the dialects is non – phonemic. Whereas in English, the category of the word is distinguished by stress. In Arabic, stress cannot be used to distinguish the meanings. Two consecutive vowels as in CVV or CVVC represent either a long vowel, )نؾينُ ) the letter nuunˈ / nuun / or a diphthong ( مؾيو ) ˈdayˈ /yawm/. Two consonants as in (CVCC) represent either a double consonant, indicated by a shadda (  ّجيغ) ˈpilgrimageˈ/Haj(j), or distinct consonants ( قر َ ˈ lighteningˈ /barq/).(22) Disyllabic: refers to words with two syllables, while polysyllabic refers to words with three or more syllables. Proclitics in Arabic refer to one letter functions words such as the definite article and some prepositions attached to the beginning of a word. These including )لا ) (al), are ignored in determining stress.  ( sa سَ ) aˈ  ( ) ka(  َ )bi (اِ ) li ( لِ )la لَ ) fa ( َ ) wa ) وَ( The structural types of the Arabic syllables are six which are classified into three تيبرعلاو تيسيلكنلإا تغللا يف تيتوص يحاون تيركت تيبرت نسق/ نيذلا حلاص يف تيبرتلل تهاعلا تيريذولا/تيبرتلا ةرازو /فــيطلا نــوحرلاذبع داــعس د.م.ا 8 categories: light, heavy and super heavy. 1-A light syllable consists of a consonant followed by a short vowel (CV). 1CV  َ /ka/ consonant followed by a short vowel. CV ( اِ) /bi/ a consonant followed by a short vowel. 2-A heavy syllable consists of either a consonant followed by two vowels (CVV), or of a consonant followed by a short vowel and a consonant (CVC). 2CVV ابَ (baa) a consonant followed by a long vowel. CVV يكَ (kay)a consonant followed by a diphthong. 3-CVC بْ َ (bab) consonant followed by a short vowel and a consonant. 3Super heavy syllable consists of a consonant followed by one or two vowels followed by one or two consonants: 4-CVVC نؾنُ /nuun/ consonant + long vowel+ consonant. CVVC مؾوَ (yawm) consonant+ diphthong+ consonant. 5-CVCC بكَ /kabb/ consonant + short vowel+ double consonant. CVCC  َقرْ َ (barq) consonant+ short vowel+ consonant+ consonant. 6CVVCC  ّاا (shaabb) consonant +long vowel+ double consonant. Only super heavy syllable can appear in a word, which almost occurs at the end of the word . But occasionally super heavy syllables can occur in the other positions as in لّاي /shad-da/ ˈhe argued. In mono syllabic words , the single syllable can only be stressed, it is important to keep in mind that in counting syllables proclitics are ignored , so that disyllabic words , as  ْدي ل are considered mono syllabic for stress purposes. (Halpern, ---:1-3). 6Intonation A term intonation is used to carry a variety of different kinds of information. It signals grammatical structure and indicates discourse function. Intonation in English AL-Hamash (1983: 96) states that intonation means the voice is produced with a rise or/ and fall tone. There are three levels of tones: high, normal and low. The meaning of high pitch or tone indicates less or more increase in the vibration of the vocal cords, that produces more loudness. -Low or normal pitches require less vibration and loudness. Crystal (2008: 252) states that intonation functions as a signal of grammatical structure. Its role is similar to punctuation in writing, but involves far more contrasts. Intonation is used to distinguish between questions and statement .For example, the change in meaning تيبرعلاو تيسيلكنلإا تغللا يف تيتوص يحاون تيركت تيبرت نسق/ نيذلا حلاص يف تيبرتلل تهاعلا تيريذولا/تيبرتلا ةرازو /فــيطلا نــوحرلاذبع داــعس د.م.ا 9 illustrated by Are you asking me or telling me is signalled by a contrast between rising and falling pitch. For example, (23). He's going , isn't he? (=I' m asking you) ,opposed to He's going, isn't he ! (=I'm telling you ). Another role of intonation is in the communication of personal attitude: For example, anger, puzzlement ,sarcasm. These can be signalled by contrasts in pitch, along with other prosodic and paralinguistic features. -Intonation can be used as one of the ways of signalling social background. Roach ( 2009: 36) states that the rise and fall intonation differ according to the type of the sentence, e.g., if the word ‘ right ’ is pronounced with rising pitch , it is heard as a question or an invitation to continue. The same word ‘ right ’ is uttered with a fall pitch, when it is a confirmation or agreement. Roach (2009: 154) confirms that the ambiguity of grammatical functions of sentences can be removed by using differences of intonation. For example, (24) ʹThose who ʹsold ˇquickly│ ˏmade a ˋprofit ʹThose who ˇsold │quickly ˏmade a ˋprofit 7Intonation in Arabic Abd-ALKareem (1998:6-7) states that intonation means a rise and fall of tone and it is the music of speech. It adds to language its sense and expresses its purpose. The language without intonation is incomplete. Intonation is a physiological activity which does not occur randomly. The speech organs relatively produce a sound or a syllable with more energy. The meaning of the words is clarified either by stress, rising tone or duration. (Ibid: 14-17) AL-Bayati ( 2007: 16) says that there is a special intonation to the styles of the Ayahs. For example, the reader uses a fall intonation to a statement sentence and for a complete meaning. For example , (25) ٱ ُّٱٹٱٹ ضح ضخ ضم طح ظم عج عم غج غم فج فح َّ ( ل نلا : 32 ) ٱ ل نلا( (ʻʻVerily , your Lord is full of Grace for mankind, yet most of them do not give thanksʾʾ ( Al-Hilali and Khan, 1983: 514). While the rise intonation is to the Ayahs that end with an interrogative sentence. For example, (26) ٱ ُّٱٹٱٹ لخ لم لى لي مج مح مخ مم مى مينج نح نخ نمنى ني هج هم هى


A B S T R A C T
The present study deals with four phonological aspects which are part of communication through language. These aspects are found in English and Arabic, which are : assimilation, intonation, stress and elision . The aim of this study is to explain each aspect in both languages and make a comparison . This study presents definitions, explanation and examples to clarify the phenomenon. The two languages share some points, but there is no absolute similarity. These aspects are common in the recitation of the Glorious Quran. There are similarities and differences between the two languages.In English, there are three types of assimilation: regressive, progressive and coalescent. In the recitation of the Glorious Quran, there is assimilation with ghunnah( nasal twang) and without ghunnah ( nasal twang). In the recitation of the Glorious Quran , the assimilation is like the regressive English assimilation, the final consonant changes and be like the initial neighbouring sound. In the two languages, the definition of intonation means the rise and fall of a tone. It expresses a meaning and changes according to the type of a sentence. Stress means the amount of power through pronunciation the sound. English language includes special rules for stress. In Arabic , stress means the amount of power on the syllable of each utterance. The type of stress is affected by the number and kind of syllables in the word . Elision means the omission of a sound. The two languages may omit a consonant or vowel in a word to make the pronunciation easier . ‫والعربيت‬ ‫اإلنكليسيت‬ ‫اللغت‬ ‫في‬ ‫صوتيت‬ ‫نواحي‬ ‫تكريت‬ ‫تربيت‬ ‫/قسن‬ ‫الذين‬ ‫صالح‬ ‫في‬ ‫للتربيت‬ ‫العاهت‬ ‫التربيت/الوذيريت‬ ‫وزارة‬ ‫الطيــف/‬ ‫عبذالرحوــن‬ ‫سعــاد‬ ‫ا.م.د‬ 3 to another different sound .In order to make the pronunciation easier , the two sounds are changed and become more similar and even one sound .There are three types of assimilation: progressive , regressive and merging .Progressive assimilation means the effect of final phoneme that changes the phoneme that comes after it. For example, in the / in ðƏ / is pronounced / in nə /, while in regressive assimilation, the initial phoneme changes the phoneme and becomes as one similar sound. For example, -Horse shoe / ho: s/ + / ∫ᵤ։ / is pronounced as /hօ։∫ ∫ ᵤ։ /. (1) The fusion of two sounds (usually consonants) into sound is called merging or coalescence assimilation. For example , the expression ʻaren't youʾ is pronounced /a:nt ∫u:/ . (2) Mc Mahon(2002:4) says that assimilation is a familiar phenomenon which occurs in every day human language. It is the undergoing of a phoneme to various phonological processes , and it is common for nasal sounds. Forel &Puskaʾns (2005: 50) state that one of the types of assimilation is the progressive. It is called so because the features of a phoneme are changed by the immediately preceded phoneme.
Crystal (2008: 50) defines assimilation as the influence of one sound segment upon the sound that becomes phonetically like or identical to an adjacent sound. Roach (2009: 110-112) states that the pronunciation of a phoneme may be changed under the influence of neighbouring sounds. Assimilation may vary in extent according to style and speaking rate. This phenomenon can be noticed and found in casual rapid and less in slow , careful speech.
The realization of a phoneme can be considered as a result of belonging to a neighbouring word . There are three types of assimilation: regressive assimilation ,which can be described as the change of final phoneme that is affected by the initial phoneme . The final consonant (Cf) becomes like the initial consonant (Ci) . For example , 3-meat pie →/mi:p paI/.
The second type is progressive assimilation, it is the change of pronunciation of initial consonant . So , the (Ci) becomes like the (Cf) .
Coalescent assimilation : means two adjacent sounds combine to form a new sound, a final (t, d) plus an initial ( j) is pronounced (ʤ or ʧ ). For example, 4-not yet' → /noʧ et/ 5-could you' →/kuʤu/. -Hammad (2009 : 310)  Surely ! Allah wrongs not even of the weight of an atom ( or a small ant ), but if there is any good (done), He doubles it, and gives from Him a great reward. (Al-Hilali & Khan, 1983: 113-114).

‫دنو‬ ّ
‫مم‬ is pronounced ← ‫لدنو‬ ‫مؽ‬ AL- Baghdadi ( 1987: 416-417) defines assimilation as inserting a consonant sound into a vowel sound to become one doubled (mushaddad) sound .Assimilation must involve two words. As in example ,(7) Shukri et al ( 2013:95) says that assimilation is placing one thing into another or it is the inserting of consonant sound into a vowel sound, with the rise of the tongue .
The laam of al ( ‫)ال‬ is the laam of definite article , prefixed to nouns ; they are added to the structure of the word whether the word can stand without the aliflaam e.g.,(8) ( ‫ية‬ ‫األم‬ ( . Or it cannot as in e.g., (9) ‫يذوؽ(‬ ‫)ال‬ then the addition of al-( ‫)ال‬ the word cannot stand without the alif laam. The moon(qamariyyah)( manifest) laam is related to fourteen sounds grouped in the phrase of ( ‫و‬ ‫عقي‬ ‫واف‬ ‫غجػ‬ ‫ابغ‬ ) (10) .
In Arabic ,the sounds are categorized into two classifications: solar and lunar. In Arabic, sun sounds are coronal consonants so that they totally assimilated with / l/ of the definite article. For example, the word starts with solar (sun ) sound and it is preceded by definite article AL-/əl/ . The sound / l/ is totally assimilated and the letter after it is geminated. For

4-Stress
It is a relatively emphasis or prominence given to a certain syllable in a word, or to a certain word in a phrase or sentence. -Hamash (1983:87) says that stress is the loudness of a syllable in a word that is different from other syllables, or the loudness of a word in a sentence as contrasted with the other words in the same sentence. There is word stress in which stress is on syllables of a word. While stress on the words of a sentence is called sentence stress. English word stress is highly irregular unlike Arabic stress. For this reason, it is necessary for the foreign learners to study the placement of English stress in a word . Crystal (2008: 454) claims that stress is the degree of energy of uttering a phoneme or a syllable. The stressed syllable is more prominent than unstressed syllable; and this feature is due to an increase of loudness. The increase of length and pitch are due to overall impression of prominence. Stress provides means of recognition degree of contrast or emphasis in sentences (sentence stress). For example , (14).The ˈbig man looks angry.  (2009: 73-74) states that stress is an extra force used for the pronunciation of a definite word or syllable. The stressed syllable uses more muscular energy than the unstressed syllable .It is louder and longer than unstressed syllable .

AL
These features are the components of prominence. In a following word ,if one of the following sounds is changed /ba: bi: ba:ba:/ the odd syllable is (bi:) will be stress syllable. It is noticeable that, if a syllable is uttered with a different pitch from the others, so this syllable will have tendency to produce the effect of prominence. For example , if the syllable is uttered with the same pitch, such as low and one syllable is uttered with high pitch. So, the high pitch will be stressed and other syllables are unstressed.
Roach ( 2009:75-77) states that there are three types of stress: primary stress is the strongest type of stress. It is given to one syllable in a spoken word. Secondary stress is given a degree of force weaker than the primary stress. Unstressed syllable refers to disappearance of force or prominence.
If a word includes a single syllable ,it is pronounced in isolation with primary stress. While, if it includes two syllables and the second syllable includes a long vowel ,diphthong or it ends with more than one consonant ,the second syllable is stressed ,e.g., (15) → arrive / əˈraIv/ (attract ) /ə ˈtrᵆkt/ . The type of the sound indicates the place of stress. For example, if a word contains three syllables , the stress is on the long vowel, diphthong or more than one consonant sound. For Example, (16) potato→ /p ə ˈteItəu/ , entertain →/ ˌentə ˈ teIn/.
While unstressed syllable is the short vowel or one consonant. The stress should be placed on the middle syllable or penultimate, e.g., (17) encounter / Iᵑˈkauntə /.
Ladefoged (2011: 249) defines stress as a supra segmental feature of utterance and it is a property of English words. Stress is applied to whole syllables not to individual vowels and consonants. The distinctive features of stress are: It is more prominent than unstressed syllable.-It is more prominent in the flow of speech.--Stress is only a factor in causing rhythmic differences. -AAni (1983: 134) states that in Arabic, stress is the amount of power that is distributed over the syllables of each utterance. The production of the syllables of an utterance is different. These syllables are not produced with the same degree of loudness.
There are three levels of stress: primary marked by [ ⁄ ], secondary stress marked by [ \] and weak stress unmarked. Every word has an inherently -stressable syllable , potentially .This syllable has primary stress. The placement and distribution of this stress is affected by the number and kinds of syllables in the word's syllable sequence. The primary stress may happen when the word is monosyllable and in isolation .
There are rules for the stress of Arabic words as follows: -when a word consists of a string of syllables, the first syllable receives the primary stress, while the remaining syllables receive weak stress. For example, -When a word contains only one long syllable, this long syllable will receive the primary stress. The other syllables receive weak stress. For example, (19) -when a word contains two long syllables or more , the long syllable nearest to the end of the word ( not the last syllable ) will have the primary stress .The one which is closest to the beginning has secondary stress. For example, (21 ) 1-A light syllable consists of a consonant followed by a short vowel (CV).
2-A heavy syllable consists of either a consonant followed by two vowels (CVV), or of a consonant followed by a short vowel and a consonant (CVC).
3-Super heavy syllable consists of a consonant followed by one or two vowels followed by one or two consonants: Only super heavy syllable can appear in a word, which almost occurs at the end of the word . But occasionally super heavy syllables can occur in the other positions as in ّ ‫يال‬ /shad-da/ ˈhe argued.
In mono syllabic words , the single syllable can only be stressed, it is important to keep in mind that in counting syllables proclitics are ignored , so that disyllabic words , as ْ ‫يد‬ ‫ل‬ are considered mono syllabic for stress purposes. (Halpern, ---:1-3).

6-Intonation
A term intonation is used to carry a variety of different kinds of information. It signals grammatical structure and indicates discourse function. -Hamash (1983: 96) states that intonation means the voice is produced with a rise or/ and fall tone. There are three levels of tones: high, normal and low.

AL
-The meaning of high pitch or tone indicates less or more increase in the vibration of the vocal cords, that produces more loudness.
-Low or normal pitches require less vibration and loudness.
Crystal (2008: 252) states that intonation functions as a signal of grammatical structure. Its role is similar to punctuation in writing, but involves far more contrasts. Intonation is used to distinguish between questions and statement .For example, the change in meaning ‫والعربيت‬ ‫اإلنكليسيت‬ ‫اللغت‬ ‫في‬ ‫صوتيت‬ ‫نواحي‬ ‫تكريت‬ ‫تربيت‬ ‫/قسن‬ ‫الذين‬ ‫صالح‬ ‫في‬ ‫للتربيت‬ ‫العاهت‬ ‫التربيت/الوذيريت‬ ‫وزارة‬ ‫الطيــف/‬ ‫عبذالرحوــن‬ ‫سعــاد‬ ‫ا.م.د‬ 9 illustrated by Are you asking me or telling me is signalled by a contrast between rising and falling pitch. For example, (23). He's going , isn't he? (=I' m asking you) ,opposed to He's going, isn't he ! (=I'm telling you ).
Another role of intonation is in the communication of personal attitude: For example, anger, puzzlement ,sarcasm. These can be signalled by contrasts in pitch, along with other prosodic and paralinguistic features.
-Intonation can be used as one of the ways of signalling social background. Roach ( 2009: 36) states that the rise and fall intonation differ according to the type of the sentence, e.g., if the word ' right ' is pronounced with rising pitch , it is heard as a question or an invitation to continue. The same word ' right ' is uttered with a fall pitch, when it is a confirmation or agreement. Roach (2009: 154) confirms that the ambiguity of grammatical functions of sentences can be removed by using differences of intonation. For example, (24) ʹThose who ʹsold ˇquickly│ ˏmade a ˋprofit ʹThose who ˇsold │quickly ˏmade a ˋprofit

7-Intonation in Arabic
Abd-AL-Kareem (1998:6-7) states that intonation means a rise and fall of tone and it is the music of speech. It adds to language its sense and expresses its purpose. The language without intonation is incomplete.
Intonation is a physiological activity which does not occur randomly. The speech organs relatively produce a sound or a syllable with more energy. The meaning of the words is clarified either by stress, rising tone or duration. (Ibid: 14-17) AL-Bayati ( 2007: 16)

8-Elision
It is the disappearance of a sound. It is used to make the pronunciation of sounds easy in connected speech. Gimson (1976: 297-298) states that in certain circumstances, a particular phoneme may be deleted. This phenomenon occurs in rapid casual speech, particularly in neighbouring word boundaries. For example, the vowel /ə / at the beginning of a word is deleted ,when followed by a continuant and preceded by a final consonant. The compensation of elision of /ə / is being made by the syllabicity of continuant. For example , (29) ( get another)→ / ʹ get .n ʹnðə /.

11
In disyllable , the /t / of the negative /-nt/ is often deleted particularly before a following consonant. For example, (30) you must'nt lose it → /juʹm˄sn Ǐu:z It / And sometimes before a vowel, e.g., (31), wouldn't he come? / ʹ wudn I ˎk ˄m' / AL-Hamash (1983:72-73) states that in English, a glottal stop /ʔ/ is similar the Arabic ‫ة(‬ ‫يز‬ ‫ى‬ ) .In English the glottal stop occurs before a vowel sound, that occurs at the beginning of words. The following words include glottal stops at the beginning of them and they are pronounced : (Is ,in ,any, away) the glottal stops disappear when the words are used in the middle of a sentence or a phrase.
In a sentence, (32) Sam is in his room→ is pronounced /Sam Iz In Iz rum/, it should not be pronounced / Sam ʔ iz in hiz rum / . Al-Hamash( 1983:74-75) confirms that elision of centre sounds makes the pronunciation easier. Double consonants are pronounced as one consonant, e.g., last time is pronounced as /la:staim/.
In certain long words , a number of syllables may be omitted to lessen the syllables, e.g., especially, /is´ peʃ ə li/; /is‫ؘ‬ pe ʃ li/ .
Underhill (1998:61) claims that elision is a feature of rapid connected speech. It is used in order to make the pronunciation easier in connected speech. Elision means the omission of a single phoneme as in, (34) handsome, /handsəm / → / hansəm/ / d/ is deleted .Or a whole syllable as in the following example.
Yule ( 1996,(59)(60) states that elision is in consonant cluster ,especially in coda position after the centre of the syllable, as in the following examples. (35) Aspects / əspekts/ → /əspeks/ Friendship / frendʃ Ip/ → /frenʃ ip/ (36) -Batlioosi ( 1980: 338) ( Joseph ), the man of truth! Explain to us ( the dreams )of seven fat cows whom seven lean ones were devouring, and of seven green ears of corn, and (seven) others dry ,that I may return to the people, and that they may knowʾʾ. (Al-Hilali and Khan , 1983: 309). Shukri et al ( 2013-160-190) states that in Arabic , the conjunctive hamzah (hamzah wasl) is dropped ( in pronunciation) in connected speech because the consonant sound will depend on the preceding sound rather than on conjunctive hamzah. In the case of connected speech the conjunctive hamzah is not pronounced when it occurs at the beginning of the word. It is pronounced with fatha / a/ or kasra /i/ or dhamma /u/. When it occurs within the word as in (wabil-haq, wallahi), it is never pronounced for it should not be pronounced independently under any condition.

AL
When the conjunctive hamzah with kasrah converges with an interrogative hamza (hamza istifham), the conjunctive hamza is dropped and the interrogative hamza remains with fatha  -Hilali and Khan, 1983: 16).

CONCLUSIONS
The conclusions of this study are: In both languages, ( English and Arabic) there are no identical phonological rules, but they may share some points. This study concludes that there is a relatively similarity between the two languages. For example , in English, there are three types of assimilation : ( Regressive, progressive and Coalescent assimilation) .
Progressive assimilation includes the effect of final phoneme that changes the phoneme that occurs after it. Regressive assimilation includes the initial phoneme changes the final phoneme and becomes as one similar sound. Coalescent assimilation includes two adjacent sounds combine to form a new sound.
In Arabic, there is assimilation with ghunnah ( nasal twang) and without ghunnah and there is assimilation of definite article, if it is followed by one of the solar( sun ) letters ,the letter/ l/ is assimilated. Another type of assimilation ,which is common in the recitation of the Glorious Quran is when the consonant /n/ or ( nunation) is followed by one of the letter of the word( y,r,m,l,o,n) ( ‫يؾن‬ ‫ورمم‬ ) .The word ends with /n/ or (nunation ) and followed by one of the sounds of the word( ‫يؾن‬ ‫,)ورمم‬ n, or atanween is assimilated . This type is similar to the English regressive assimilation .
In English, regressive assimilation means the change of final consonant that becomes like the initial sound . It occurs between two words in Arabic and English .
In English and Arabic, intonation is the rise and fall of a tone. In English, there are three levels of intonation :high, normal and low .High tone indicates less or more increase in the vibration of the vocal cords . Low or normal tone requires less vibration and loudness.
Intonation differs according to the type of a sentence.
Intonation is a physiological and grammatical means that creates an effect on the human's mind and feeling. In Arabic, a fall intonation is for a statement sentence, while a rise intonation is for an interrogative sentence. In both languages , Intonation expresses a specific sense and differs according to the type of the sentence.
In Arabic and English, stress means the amount of power on the pronunciation the sound.
In English, there are different features for the stress, for example, loudness of a syllable , that is different in quality of other syllables. Stress of a word depends on its category, number of syllables and the type of a syllable. So, the word may receive a primary or secondary stress or may be unstressed.
‫والعربيت‬ ‫اإلنكليسيت‬ ‫اللغت‬ ‫في‬ ‫صوتيت‬ ‫نواحي‬ ‫تكريت‬ ‫تربيت‬ ‫/قسن‬ ‫الذين‬ ‫صالح‬ ‫في‬ ‫للتربيت‬ ‫العاهت‬ ‫التربيت/الوذيريت‬ ‫وزارة‬ ‫الطيــف/‬ ‫عبذالرحوــن‬ ‫سعــاد‬ ‫ا.م.د‬ 14 In Arabic, stress is the amount of power on the syllable of each utterance. There are three levels of stress : primary , secondary and unstressed. When the word contains a string of consonants and some syllables ,the first syllable will receive a primary stress and the remaining syllables will have weak stress .
The primary stress is on the long syllable when the word includes only one long syllable and the remaining syllables have weak stress. When the word contains two long syllables or more the long syllable that is nearest to the end of the word will have the primary stress and the secondary stress will be on the syllable that is closest to the beginning. In Arabic, stress is predictable on the lexical level, therefore it is not phonemic. Whereas in English, the category of a word is distinguished by stress . In Arabic, stress cannot be used to distinguish meanings .English stress is highly irregular unlike Arabic stress.
In English and Arabic, elision is the disappearance of a phoneme. In English , for example , the glottal stop is pronounced at the beginning , but omitted at the medium of speech. There is elision of a vowel, consonant and a whole syllable . The benefit of elision is to make the pronunciation easier , especially , in connected speech.
In Arabic , there is elision of letter especially the conjunctive hamzah (hamzah wasl) is dropped in pronunciation in connected speech because the consonant sound will depend on the preceding sound rather on conjunctive hamzah. In connected speech, It is not pronounced when it occurs at the beginning of the word. When the conjunctive hamza with kasra converges with an interrogative hamzah, the conjunctive hamzah is dropped and the interrogative hamzah remains with fatha.
The vocative article may be deleted before the proper noun. The glottal stop may be deleted in the imperative verb.